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1 set of first species
Математика: множество первой категории -
2 set of first species
English-Russian scientific dictionary > set of first species
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3 set of the first species
Универсальный англо-русский словарь > set of the first species
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4 set
1) набор; комплект- semiconductor assembly set - set of Belleville springs - set of conventional set - set of drawing instruments - set of gate patterns - set of gauge blocks - set of logical elements - set of statistical data - set of technical aids- snap set2) партия3) совокупность; множество4) установка; агрегат- desk telephone set - dial telephone set- gear set- local-battery telephone set - man-pack radio set - multi-operator welding set - sound-powered telephone set - wall telephone set5) регулировка; настройка || регулировать; настраивать6) группа; ансамбль7) класс; семейство9) схватывание || схватываться10) затвердевание || затвердевать11) крепление || закреплять12) геол. свита пород13) осадка (грунта) || оседать ( о грунте)14) радиоточка15) спорт сет16) включать, приводить в действие17) мат. множествоset closed under operation — множество, замкнутое относительно операции
- absolutely compact set - absolutely continuous set - absolutely convex set - absolutely irreducible set - absolutely measurable set - affinely independent set - affinely invariant set - algebraically independent set - almost finite set - almost full set - angular cluster set - asymptotically indecomposable set - at most denumerable set - centro-symmetric set - completely bounded set - completely continuous set - completely generating set - completely improper set - completely irreducible set - completely nonatomic set - completely normal set - completely ordered set - completely productive set - completely reducible set - completely separable set - constructively nonrecursive set - convexly independent set - countably infinite setto set aside — не учитывать, не принимать во внимание; откладывать
- cut set- cyclically ordered set - deductively inconsistent set - derived set - doubly well-ordered set - dual set of equations - dynamically disconnected set - effectively enumerable set - effectively generating set - effectively nonrecursive set - effectively simple set - enumeration reducible set - finely perfect set - finitely definite set - finitely measurable set- flat set- full set- fully reducible set - functionally closed set - functionally complete set - functionally open set - fundamental probability set - generalized almost periodic set- goal set- internally stable set- knot set- left directed set - left normal set - left-hand cluster set - linearly ordered set - local peak set - locally arcwise set - locally closed set - locally compact set - locally connected set - locally contractible set - locally convex set - locally finite set - locally invariant set - locally negligible set - locally null set - locally polar set - locally polyhedral set - metrically bounded set - metrically dense set - multiply ordered set - nearly analytic set - nearly closed set - nonvoid set - normally ordered set- null set- open in rays set - partitioned data set- peak set- pole set- positively homothetic set- pure set- radially open set - rationally independent set - recursively creative set - recursively indecomposable set - recursively isomorphic set - recursively productive set - regularly convex set - regularly situated sets - relatively closed set - relatively compact set - relatively dense set - relatively interpretable set - relatively open set - right normal set - right-hand cluster set- scar set- sequentially complete set - serially ordered set - set of elementary events - set of first category - set of first kind - set of first species - set of possible outcomes - set of probability null - set of second category - set of second species - shift invariant set - simply connected set - simply ordered set - simply transitive set- skew set- star set- strongly bounded set - strongly closed set - strongly compact set - strongly connected set - strongly convex set - strongly dependent set - strongly disjoint sets - strongly enumerable set - strongly independent set - strongly minimal set - strongly polar set - strongly reducible set - strongly separated set - strongly simple set - strongly stratified set- tame set- tautologically complete set - tautologically consistent set - tautologically inconsistent set- test set- thin set- tie set- time set- totally disconnected set - totally imperfect set - totally ordered set - totally primitive set - totally unimodular set - totally unordered set - truth-table reducible set - uniformly bounded set - uniformly continuous set - uniformly convergent set - uniformly integrable set - uniformly universal set - unilaterally connected set- unit set- vacuous set- void set- weakly compact set - weakly convex set - weakly n-dimensional set - weakly stratified set - weakly wandering set - well chained set - well founded set - well measurable set - well ordering set - well quasiordered set -
5 set of the first (second) species
Математика: множество первой (второй) категории (по Кантору)Универсальный англо-русский словарь > set of the first (second) species
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6 множество первой категории
set of first category, set of first speciesРусско-английский научно-технический словарь Масловского > множество первой категории
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7 множество первой категории
Mathematics: set of first category, set of first species, (второй)(по Кантору) set of the first (second) species, meager setУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > множество первой категории
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8 grupo
m.1 group (conjunto).en grupo in a groupgrupo ecologista environmental groupgrupo de estudio study groupgrupo de música pop pop groupgrupo de presión (politics) pressure group, lobbygrupo de riesgo group at riskgrupo de rock rock group2 group of people, bevy, circle, group.* * *1 group2 TÉCNICA unit, set\en grupo together, en massegrupo electrógeno power plantgrupo sanguíneo blood group* * *noun m.1) group2) band•* * *SM1) [gen] group; (=equipo) team; [de árboles] cluster, clumpgrupo de contacto — (Pol) contact group
grupo de estafas — (Policía) fraud squad
grupo de estupefacientes — (Policía) drug squad
grupo de homicidios — (Policía) murder squad
grupo de investigación — research team, team of researchers
grupo de presión — pressure group, special interest group (EEUU)
2) (Elec, Téc) unit, plant; (=montaje) assemblygrupo electrógeno, grupo generador — generating set, power plant
3) Cono Sur (=trampa) trick, con ** * *a) (de personas, empresas, países) group; ( de árboles) clumpen grupo — <salir/trabajar> in a group/in groups
b) (Mús) tbgrupo musical — group, band
* * *= aggregate, bank, batch [batches, -pl.], body, class, cluster, clutch, congeries, grouping, pack, cohort, camp, set, group, gang, bunch, corps, band, class group, combine, constituent group, collective, ensemble, bevy, line-up, cluster, segment, pod, order, mob.Ex. The result of this is to provide a distinct class number for an aggregate of subjects which are adjacent in the UDC schedule order.Ex. A recitation of the best thought out principles for a cataloging code is easily drowned out by the clatter of a bank of direct access devices vainly searching for misplaced records.Ex. A KWIC index is based upon the 'keywords' in the titles of the batch of documents to be indexed.Ex. The main body of criticism centred upon the treatment of nonbook materials.Ex. The following highlights are what this first class of Fellows recall of their time overseas.Ex. The local system is designed to be flexible enough to meet the needs of a single library or those of a library cluster.Ex. This approach does tend to lead to small clutches of periodicals on a given subject.Ex. To be sure, it still has its congeries of mills and factories, its grimy huddle of frame dwellings and congested tenements, its stark, jagged skyline, but its old face is gradually changing.Ex. This scheme aims for a more helpful order than the major schemes, by following the groupings of subjects as they are taught in schools.Ex. The notched cards, representing relevant documents, will drop off the needle and fall from the bulk of the pack.Ex. This article examines the views of librarians held by a number of faculty cohorts.Ex. This is a situation much debated between the two camps of those who would give everyone what he wants and those who would give each reader only the things of some constructive value.Ex. SELECT retrieves records containing the search term or terms you specify and stores them in sets.Ex. The groups continue, however, to keep alive their heritages through festivals and cultural activities.Ex. In the 1920s and 1930s more than 1 million books were being loaned each year to members as far afield as the most isolated settlers' gangs working on distant branch lines.Ex. They are a very impatient bunch, however: knowing themselves what the technology can do, they can get a little short with obstructionists who raise non-technical objections.Ex. Quality abstracting services take pride in their corps of abstractors.Ex. In recent years a band of disciples has grown up in India, and has contributed to the revision and expansion of the schedules.Ex. If the panel members represent class groups, they must canvass for suggestions.Ex. 158 public organisations with very diverse computer machinery formed a combine to develop an application which would make the database available on the organisations' different computer systems. = 158 instituciones públicas con equipos informáticos muy diversos crearon un grupo para desarrollar una aplicación que hiciera que la base de datos estuviese disponible en sus diferentes sistemas informáticos.Ex. Different constituent groups tend to rate aspects of the library quite differently.Ex. These collectives are at present seeking compensation for copies made of copyrighted material based on the nature, volume and use of copies made.Ex. DIANE is the name that has been given to the ensemble of available information services.Ex. It contains a bevy of fearsomely feisty female archetypes removed from domestic obligations and toughened in the brutal setting of prison life.Ex. The title of the article is 'The information market: a line-up of competitors'.Ex. Various other methods of obtaining clusters have been described, including the use of fuzzy sets, but these are beyond the scope of this book.Ex. No such constraints exist where online display is anticipated, since only one segment at a time is displayed.Ex. The large pod of about 75 narwhals milled around the bay in the summer feeding grounds.Ex. The taxonomic subclass of acari (mites and ticks) comprises tens of thousands of species, grouped in many families and several orders.Ex. In the afternoon quite a few of our mob decided that they would prefer to spend a bit of time lazing about in the water and soaking up a few rays.----* admitir a Alguien en un grupo = adopt + Nombre + into the fold.* análisis de grupo = cohort analysis.* atacar en grupo = swarm.* camaradería de grupo = group ride.* cena de grupo = dinner party.* cena en grupo = group dinner, dinner party.* como grupo = collectively.* crear un grupo = set up + group.* debate de grupo = group discussion.* debate en grupo = group discussion.* división del mercado por grupos de consumidores = market segmentation.* empresa de nuestro grupo = sister company, sister organisation.* empresa de un grupo = operating company.* en algunos grupos = in some quarters.* en algunos grupos de la población = in some quarters.* enano del grupo, el = runt of the litter, the.* en muchos grupos = in many quarters.* en muchos grupos de la población = in many quarters.* entre grupos sociales = intergroup.* entrevista en grupo = group interview.* formación de grupos de presión = lobbying representation.* formar un grupo = set up + group.* formar un grupo de presión = form + lobby.* G7 (Grupo de los Siete), el = G7 (Group of Seven), the.* gran grupo = constellation.* grupo activista = faction group.* grupo al Algo que va dirigido = target group.* grupo alimenticio = food group.* grupo asesor = advisory group.* Grupo Asesor sobre Redes (NAG) = Network Advisory Group (NAG).* grupo chantajista = extortion racket.* grupo cívico = civic group.* grupo consultivo = advisory group.* grupo coordinador = steering group.* grupo cultural = cultural group.* grupo de acción ciudadana = citizen action group, community action group.* grupo de amigos = clan of friends.* grupo de amigos y conocidos = social network.* grupo de apoyo = interest group, support group.* grupo de autoayuda = self-help group, self-help group, self-help group.* grupo de cantantes femenino = girl band.* grupo de cantantes masculino = boy band.* grupo de ciudadanos desatentido = unserved, the.* grupo de consumidores = consumer group.* grupo de control = control group.* grupo de datos = data set [dataset].* grupo de debate = discussion group, focus group, discussion list, electronic forum, panel discussion, panel debate.* grupo de dirección = management.* grupo de discusión = discussion group.* grupo de edad = age bracket, age group [age-group].* grupo de empresas = business group.* grupo de estanterías = stack, stack range.* grupo de estudio = study circle.* grupo de expertos = cadre, brains trust, group of experts, network, think tank.* grupo defensor = interest group.* grupo de gestión = management team.* grupo de incondicionales, el = hard core, the.* grupo de intelectuales = intelligentsia.* grupo de interés = focus group, interest group.* grupo de investigación = research group.* Grupo de Investigación sobre la Clasificación (CRG) = Classification Research Group (CRG).* grupo de la oposición = opposition group.* grupo de los 20 = G-20.* grupo de los ocho, el = G8, the.* grupo del proyecto = project team.* grupo de negociación = bargaining unit.* grupo de normalización = standards group.* grupo de opinión = focus group.* grupo de personas o cosas de la misma edad o categoría = peer group.* grupo de poder = power group.* grupo de presión = lobby group, pressure group, lobbyist.* grupo de protección a menores = Shelter group.* grupo de protección ciudadana = civic trust group.* grupo de recursos = clump.* grupo de referencia = reference group.* grupo de representantes = focus group.* grupo de rock = rock group.* grupo de seguidores = fandom.* grupo de términos de búsqueda relacionados = search hedge, subject hedge.* grupo de trabajo = study group, study team, task force, working party, task group, research group, working group, project team.* Grupo de Trabajo de Ingeniería de Internet (IETF) = Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF).* grupo de trabajo por tema de interés = breakout group.* Grupo de Trabajo sobre los Sistemas Nacionales de Información de la Asociaci = NISTF (Society of American Archivists National Information Systems Task Force).* grupo de tres = threesome.* grupo de usuarios = user group, users' group, population served.* grupo de usuarios al que va dirigido = target user group.* grupo disidente = splinter group, splinter party.* grupo dominante = dominant group.* grupo eléctrico = power unit, electrical generator, power generator.* grupo electrógeno = electrical generator, power unit, power generator.* grupo especial = special interest group.* grupo específico = niche.* grupo etario = age bracket.* grupo étnico = ethnic group, racial group, cultural group.* grupo experimental = experimental group.* grupo extremista = extremist group.* grupo incondicional, el = hard core, the.* grupo influyente = force.* grupo instrumental = ensemble.* grupo integrante = constituent group.* grupo interdisciplinar = cross-functional team.* grupo intérprete = executant body.* grupo marginado = deprived group, marginalised group.* grupo marginal = disadvantaged community, marginalised group.* grupo mayoritario = majority group.* grupo mínimo relacionado = minimum zone cohort.* grupo minoritario = minority group.* grupo mixto = cross-functional team.* grupo musical en directo = live band.* grupo político = political group.* grupo principal de usuarios = primary user group.* grupo profesional = occupational group.* grupo racial = racial group.* grupo racista = hate group.* grupo referente = reference group.* grupo religioso = denominational body, religious group.* grupos = quarters.* grupo sanguíneo = blood group, blood type.* grupos de diez = tens of.* grupo según edad = age group [age-group].* grupo social = community group, social group.* grupo supervisor = steering group.* grupo temáticamente afín = subject-related group.* grupo terrorista = terrorist group.* más débil del grupo, el = runt of the litter, the.* obra para grupo instrumental = ensemble work.* pensamiento de grupo = groupthink.* perfil de grupo = group profile.* por grupos = in batches.* presión del grupo = peer pressure.* relativo a un grupo = group-related.* reunión de grupo = group meeting.* RLG (Grupo de Bibliotecas de Investigación) = RLG (Research Libraries Group).* rodear en grupo = swarm.* SDI por grupos = group SDI.* sentimiento de grupo = togetherness.* sesión de grupo = group session.* tarifa de grupo = group rate.* técnica de grupo nominal = nominal group technique.* terapia de grupo = group therapy.* trabajar en grupo = team.* trabajar en grupo (con) = team up (with).* una grupo impreciso de = a cloud of.* un grupo aferrado de = a hard core of.* un grupo cada vez mayor de = a growing body of.* un grupo de = a set of, a bunch of, a crop of, a pool of, a cadre of, a cluster of, a galaxy of, a clutch of, a company of.* un grupo de gente variada = a cast of people.* un grupo incondicional de = a hard core of.* un grupo variado de = a collection of.* violación en grupo = gang rape.* * *a) (de personas, empresas, países) group; ( de árboles) clumpen grupo — <salir/trabajar> in a group/in groups
b) (Mús) tbgrupo musical — group, band
* * *= aggregate, bank, batch [batches, -pl.], body, class, cluster, clutch, congeries, grouping, pack, cohort, camp, set, group, gang, bunch, corps, band, class group, combine, constituent group, collective, ensemble, bevy, line-up, cluster, segment, pod, order, mob.Ex: The result of this is to provide a distinct class number for an aggregate of subjects which are adjacent in the UDC schedule order.
Ex: A recitation of the best thought out principles for a cataloging code is easily drowned out by the clatter of a bank of direct access devices vainly searching for misplaced records.Ex: A KWIC index is based upon the 'keywords' in the titles of the batch of documents to be indexed.Ex: The main body of criticism centred upon the treatment of nonbook materials.Ex: The following highlights are what this first class of Fellows recall of their time overseas.Ex: The local system is designed to be flexible enough to meet the needs of a single library or those of a library cluster.Ex: This approach does tend to lead to small clutches of periodicals on a given subject.Ex: To be sure, it still has its congeries of mills and factories, its grimy huddle of frame dwellings and congested tenements, its stark, jagged skyline, but its old face is gradually changing.Ex: This scheme aims for a more helpful order than the major schemes, by following the groupings of subjects as they are taught in schools.Ex: The notched cards, representing relevant documents, will drop off the needle and fall from the bulk of the pack.Ex: This article examines the views of librarians held by a number of faculty cohorts.Ex: This is a situation much debated between the two camps of those who would give everyone what he wants and those who would give each reader only the things of some constructive value.Ex: SELECT retrieves records containing the search term or terms you specify and stores them in sets.Ex: The groups continue, however, to keep alive their heritages through festivals and cultural activities.Ex: In the 1920s and 1930s more than 1 million books were being loaned each year to members as far afield as the most isolated settlers' gangs working on distant branch lines.Ex: They are a very impatient bunch, however: knowing themselves what the technology can do, they can get a little short with obstructionists who raise non-technical objections.Ex: Quality abstracting services take pride in their corps of abstractors.Ex: In recent years a band of disciples has grown up in India, and has contributed to the revision and expansion of the schedules.Ex: If the panel members represent class groups, they must canvass for suggestions.Ex: 158 public organisations with very diverse computer machinery formed a combine to develop an application which would make the database available on the organisations' different computer systems. = 158 instituciones públicas con equipos informáticos muy diversos crearon un grupo para desarrollar una aplicación que hiciera que la base de datos estuviese disponible en sus diferentes sistemas informáticos.Ex: Different constituent groups tend to rate aspects of the library quite differently.Ex: These collectives are at present seeking compensation for copies made of copyrighted material based on the nature, volume and use of copies made.Ex: DIANE is the name that has been given to the ensemble of available information services.Ex: It contains a bevy of fearsomely feisty female archetypes removed from domestic obligations and toughened in the brutal setting of prison life.Ex: The title of the article is 'The information market: a line-up of competitors'.Ex: Various other methods of obtaining clusters have been described, including the use of fuzzy sets, but these are beyond the scope of this book.Ex: No such constraints exist where online display is anticipated, since only one segment at a time is displayed.Ex: The large pod of about 75 narwhals milled around the bay in the summer feeding grounds.Ex: The taxonomic subclass of acari (mites and ticks) comprises tens of thousands of species, grouped in many families and several orders.Ex: In the afternoon quite a few of our mob decided that they would prefer to spend a bit of time lazing about in the water and soaking up a few rays.* admitir a Alguien en un grupo = adopt + Nombre + into the fold.* análisis de grupo = cohort analysis.* atacar en grupo = swarm.* camaradería de grupo = group ride.* cena de grupo = dinner party.* cena en grupo = group dinner, dinner party.* como grupo = collectively.* crear un grupo = set up + group.* debate de grupo = group discussion.* debate en grupo = group discussion.* división del mercado por grupos de consumidores = market segmentation.* empresa de nuestro grupo = sister company, sister organisation.* empresa de un grupo = operating company.* en algunos grupos = in some quarters.* en algunos grupos de la población = in some quarters.* enano del grupo, el = runt of the litter, the.* en muchos grupos = in many quarters.* en muchos grupos de la población = in many quarters.* entre grupos sociales = intergroup.* entrevista en grupo = group interview.* formación de grupos de presión = lobbying representation.* formar un grupo = set up + group.* formar un grupo de presión = form + lobby.* G7 (Grupo de los Siete), el = G7 (Group of Seven), the.* gran grupo = constellation.* grupo activista = faction group.* grupo al Algo que va dirigido = target group.* grupo alimenticio = food group.* grupo asesor = advisory group.* Grupo Asesor sobre Redes (NAG) = Network Advisory Group (NAG).* grupo chantajista = extortion racket.* grupo cívico = civic group.* grupo consultivo = advisory group.* grupo coordinador = steering group.* grupo cultural = cultural group.* grupo de acción ciudadana = citizen action group, community action group.* grupo de amigos = clan of friends.* grupo de amigos y conocidos = social network.* grupo de apoyo = interest group, support group.* grupo de autoayuda = self-help group, self-help group, self-help group.* grupo de cantantes femenino = girl band.* grupo de cantantes masculino = boy band.* grupo de ciudadanos desatentido = unserved, the.* grupo de consumidores = consumer group.* grupo de control = control group.* grupo de datos = data set [dataset].* grupo de debate = discussion group, focus group, discussion list, electronic forum, panel discussion, panel debate.* grupo de dirección = management.* grupo de discusión = discussion group.* grupo de edad = age bracket, age group [age-group].* grupo de empresas = business group.* grupo de estanterías = stack, stack range.* grupo de estudio = study circle.* grupo de expertos = cadre, brains trust, group of experts, network, think tank.* grupo defensor = interest group.* grupo de gestión = management team.* grupo de incondicionales, el = hard core, the.* grupo de intelectuales = intelligentsia.* grupo de interés = focus group, interest group.* grupo de investigación = research group.* Grupo de Investigación sobre la Clasificación (CRG) = Classification Research Group (CRG).* grupo de la oposición = opposition group.* grupo de los 20 = G-20.* grupo de los ocho, el = G8, the.* grupo del proyecto = project team.* grupo de negociación = bargaining unit.* grupo de normalización = standards group.* grupo de opinión = focus group.* grupo de personas o cosas de la misma edad o categoría = peer group.* grupo de poder = power group.* grupo de presión = lobby group, pressure group, lobbyist.* grupo de protección a menores = Shelter group.* grupo de protección ciudadana = civic trust group.* grupo de recursos = clump.* grupo de referencia = reference group.* grupo de representantes = focus group.* grupo de rock = rock group.* grupo de seguidores = fandom.* grupo de términos de búsqueda relacionados = search hedge, subject hedge.* grupo de trabajo = study group, study team, task force, working party, task group, research group, working group, project team.* Grupo de Trabajo de Ingeniería de Internet (IETF) = Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF).* grupo de trabajo por tema de interés = breakout group.* Grupo de Trabajo sobre los Sistemas Nacionales de Información de la Asociaci = NISTF (Society of American Archivists National Information Systems Task Force).* grupo de tres = threesome.* grupo de usuarios = user group, users' group, population served.* grupo de usuarios al que va dirigido = target user group.* grupo disidente = splinter group, splinter party.* grupo dominante = dominant group.* grupo eléctrico = power unit, electrical generator, power generator.* grupo electrógeno = electrical generator, power unit, power generator.* grupo especial = special interest group.* grupo específico = niche.* grupo etario = age bracket.* grupo étnico = ethnic group, racial group, cultural group.* grupo experimental = experimental group.* grupo extremista = extremist group.* grupo incondicional, el = hard core, the.* grupo influyente = force.* grupo instrumental = ensemble.* grupo integrante = constituent group.* grupo interdisciplinar = cross-functional team.* grupo intérprete = executant body.* grupo marginado = deprived group, marginalised group.* grupo marginal = disadvantaged community, marginalised group.* grupo mayoritario = majority group.* grupo mínimo relacionado = minimum zone cohort.* grupo minoritario = minority group.* grupo mixto = cross-functional team.* grupo musical en directo = live band.* grupo político = political group.* grupo principal de usuarios = primary user group.* grupo profesional = occupational group.* grupo racial = racial group.* grupo racista = hate group.* grupo referente = reference group.* grupo religioso = denominational body, religious group.* grupos = quarters.* grupo sanguíneo = blood group, blood type.* grupos de diez = tens of.* grupo según edad = age group [age-group].* grupo social = community group, social group.* grupo supervisor = steering group.* grupo temáticamente afín = subject-related group.* grupo terrorista = terrorist group.* más débil del grupo, el = runt of the litter, the.* obra para grupo instrumental = ensemble work.* pensamiento de grupo = groupthink.* perfil de grupo = group profile.* por grupos = in batches.* presión del grupo = peer pressure.* relativo a un grupo = group-related.* reunión de grupo = group meeting.* RLG (Grupo de Bibliotecas de Investigación) = RLG (Research Libraries Group).* rodear en grupo = swarm.* SDI por grupos = group SDI.* sentimiento de grupo = togetherness.* sesión de grupo = group session.* tarifa de grupo = group rate.* técnica de grupo nominal = nominal group technique.* terapia de grupo = group therapy.* trabajar en grupo = team.* trabajar en grupo (con) = team up (with).* una grupo impreciso de = a cloud of.* un grupo aferrado de = a hard core of.* un grupo cada vez mayor de = a growing body of.* un grupo de = a set of, a bunch of, a crop of, a pool of, a cadre of, a cluster of, a galaxy of, a clutch of, a company of.* un grupo de gente variada = a cast of people.* un grupo incondicional de = a hard core of.* un grupo variado de = a collection of.* violación en grupo = gang rape.* * *Alos grupos sociales marginados marginalized social groupsun grupo de casas a group o cluster of housesse dividieron en grupos de (a) cuatro they split into groups of fouren grupo ‹salir/trabajar› in a group/in groups2 ( Mús) tbgrupo musical group, band3 ( Quím) groupCompuestos:support groupadvisory group, think tankconstruction consortiumcontrol groupconsortiumhotel chain● grupo de interés or presiónpressure groupjazz group o bandinternet forumpress consortium( Pol) Group of Eightnewsgroupworking partyuser groupgenerator● grupo fónico/tónicophonic/tonic grouptarget group( frml); peer groupparliamentary groupblood grouptener el grupo sanguíneo Rh or Rhesus positivo/negativo to be Rhesus positive/negative¿qué grupo sanguíneo tiene? what blood group are you?tengo el grupo sanguíneo A/AB/B positivo/negativo I'm blood group A/AB/B positive/negativecontrol group* * *
grupo sustantivo masculino
( de árboles) clump;
grupos sociales social groups;
de grupo ‹terapia/trabajo› group ( before n);
en grupo ‹salir/trabajar› in a group/in groupsb) (Mús) tb
grupo sustantivo masculino
1 g roup: no queda sangre del groupo B+, there is no B+ blood left
tiene mi grupo sanguíneo, he has the same blood group as I do
grupo de trabajo, working party
terapia de grupo, group therapy
2 Mús group, band
3 Elec grupo electrógeno, power generator o electric generating set
' grupo' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
aparato
- argot
- beatería
- cada
- clase
- comando
- componente
- conjunta
- conjunto
- contra
- cuerpo
- delirio
- descolgarse
- desfilar
- dirigirse
- disolver
- disolverse
- dispersar
- dispersarse
- ecologista
- entrada
- equipo
- escolta
- estamento
- exclusión
- figurar
- fuerza
- GEO
- guerrilla
- incorporarse
- iniciar
- jerga
- junta
- manifestarse
- maquinaria
- mayoría
- minoritaria
- minoritario
- ninguna
- ninguno
- núcleo
- nutrido-a
- panel
- paquete
- patrulla
- pertenencia
- pesar
- piña
- readmitir
- relevo
English:
address
- army
- back
- band
- bear down on
- blood group
- body
- bracket
- breakaway
- bunch
- camp
- chain gang
- class
- cliquey
- clump
- cluster
- collection
- collective
- combine
- come under
- commission
- contra
- crowd
- demo
- dense
- drummer
- dynamics
- fervent
- flagship
- flock
- foursome
- fraternity
- frenzied
- gather
- group
- guard
- heterogeneous
- homogeneous
- huddle
- inbred
- Ivy League
- join
- knot
- lead
- leadership
- lobby
- make up
- manager
- manageress
- motley
* * *grupo nm1. [conjunto] group;[de árboles] cluster;grupo (de empresas) (corporate) group;en grupo in a group;el grupo de cabeza [en carrera] the leading groupPol grupo de contacto contact group; Econ grupo de control control group; Informát grupo de discusión discussion group;grupo ecologista environmental group;grupo de edad age group;grupo empresarial (business) group o combine;grupo de estudio study group;Pol grupo mixto = independent MPs and MPs from minor parties in Spanish parliament; Informát grupo de noticias newsgroup;el grupo de los ocho (grandes) the G8 countries;grupo parlamentario parliamentary group;Pol grupo de presión pressure group, lobby;grupo de riesgo group at risk;UE Grupo de Sabios Committee of Wise Men;grupo sanguíneo blood group;el grupo de los siete (grandes) the G7 countries;Informát grupo de usuarios user group2. [de músicos] group, band3. Tec unit, setElec grupo electrógeno generator4. Quím groupgrupo fónico phonic group;grupo nominal noun phrase;grupo de palabras word group;grupo vocálico vowel cluster* * *m group;en grupos in groups* * *grupo nm: group* * *grupo n group -
9 Knowledge
It is indeed an opinion strangely prevailing amongst men, that houses, mountains, rivers, and, in a word, all sensible objects, have an existence, natural or real, distinct from their being perceived by the understanding. But, with how great an assurance and acquiescence soever this principle may be entertained in the world, yet whoever shall find in his heart to call it into question may, if I mistake not, perceive it to involve a manifest contradiction. For, what are the forementioned objects but things we perceive by sense? and what do we perceive besides our own ideas or sensations? and is it not plainly repugnant that any one of these, or any combination of them, should exist unperceived? (Berkeley, 1996, Pt. I, No. 4, p. 25)It seems to me that the only objects of the abstract sciences or of demonstration are quantity and number, and that all attempts to extend this more perfect species of knowledge beyond these bounds are mere sophistry and illusion. As the component parts of quantity and number are entirely similar, their relations become intricate and involved; and nothing can be more curious, as well as useful, than to trace, by a variety of mediums, their equality or inequality, through their different appearances.But as all other ideas are clearly distinct and different from each other, we can never advance farther, by our utmost scrutiny, than to observe this diversity, and, by an obvious reflection, pronounce one thing not to be another. Or if there be any difficulty in these decisions, it proceeds entirely from the undeterminate meaning of words, which is corrected by juster definitions. That the square of the hypotenuse is equal to the squares of the other two sides cannot be known, let the terms be ever so exactly defined, without a train of reasoning and enquiry. But to convince us of this proposition, that where there is no property, there can be no injustice, it is only necessary to define the terms, and explain injustice to be a violation of property. This proposition is, indeed, nothing but a more imperfect definition. It is the same case with all those pretended syllogistical reasonings, which may be found in every other branch of learning, except the sciences of quantity and number; and these may safely, I think, be pronounced the only proper objects of knowledge and demonstration. (Hume, 1975, Sec. 12, Pt. 3, pp. 163-165)Our knowledge springs from two fundamental sources of the mind; the first is the capacity of receiving representations (the ability to receive impressions), the second is the power to know an object through these representations (spontaneity in the production of concepts).Through the first, an object is given to us; through the second, the object is thought in relation to that representation.... Intuition and concepts constitute, therefore, the elements of all our knowledge, so that neither concepts without intuition in some way corresponding to them, nor intuition without concepts, can yield knowledge. Both may be either pure or empirical.... Pure intuitions or pure concepts are possible only a priori; empirical intuitions and empirical concepts only a posteriori. If the receptivity of our mind, its power of receiving representations in so far as it is in any way affected, is to be called "sensibility," then the mind's power of producing representations from itself, the spontaneity of knowledge, should be called "understanding." Our nature is so constituted that our intuitions can never be other than sensible; that is, it contains only the mode in which we are affected by objects. The faculty, on the other hand, which enables us to think the object of sensible intuition is the understanding.... Without sensibility, no object would be given to us; without understanding, no object would be thought. Thoughts without content are empty; intuitions without concepts are blind. It is therefore just as necessary to make our concepts sensible, that is, to add the object to them in intuition, as to make our intuitions intelligible, that is to bring them under concepts. These two powers or capacities cannot exchange their functions. The understanding can intuit nothing, the senses can think nothing. Only through their union can knowledge arise. (Kant, 1933, Sec. 1, Pt. 2, B74-75 [p. 92])Metaphysics, as a natural disposition of Reason is real, but it is also, in itself, dialectical and deceptive.... Hence to attempt to draw our principles from it, and in their employment to follow this natural but none the less fallacious illusion can never produce science, but only an empty dialectical art, in which one school may indeed outdo the other, but none can ever attain a justifiable and lasting success. In order that, as a science, it may lay claim not merely to deceptive persuasion, but to insight and conviction, a Critique of Reason must exhibit in a complete system the whole stock of conceptions a priori, arranged according to their different sources-the Sensibility, the understanding, and the Reason; it must present a complete table of these conceptions, together with their analysis and all that can be deduced from them, but more especially the possibility of synthetic knowledge a priori by means of their deduction, the principles of its use, and finally, its boundaries....This much is certain: he who has once tried criticism will be sickened for ever of all the dogmatic trash he was compelled to content himself with before, because his Reason, requiring something, could find nothing better for its occupation. Criticism stands to the ordinary school metaphysics exactly in the same relation as chemistry to alchemy, or as astron omy to fortune-telling astrology. I guarantee that no one who has comprehended and thought out the conclusions of criticism, even in these Prolegomena, will ever return to the old sophistical pseudo-science. He will rather look forward with a kind of pleasure to a metaphysics, certainly now within his power, which requires no more preparatory discoveries, and which alone can procure for reason permanent satisfaction. (Kant, 1891, pp. 115-116)Knowledge is only real and can only be set forth fully in the form of science, in the form of system. Further, a so-called fundamental proposition or first principle of philosophy, even if it is true, it is yet none the less false, just because and in so far as it is merely a fundamental proposition, merely a first principle. It is for that reason easily refuted. The refutation consists in bringing out its defective character; and it is defective because it is merely the universal, merely a principle, the beginning. If the refutation is complete and thorough, it is derived and developed from the nature of the principle itself, and not accomplished by bringing in from elsewhere other counter-assurances and chance fancies. It would be strictly the development of the principle, and thus the completion of its deficiency, were it not that it misunderstands its own purport by taking account solely of the negative aspect of what it seeks to do, and is not conscious of the positive character of its process and result. The really positive working out of the beginning is at the same time just as much the very reverse: it is a negative attitude towards the principle we start from. Negative, that is to say, in its one-sided form, which consists in being primarily immediate, a mere purpose. It may therefore be regarded as a refutation of what constitutes the basis of the system; but more correctly it should be looked at as a demonstration that the basis or principle of the system is in point of fact merely its beginning. (Hegel, 1910, pp. 21-22)Knowledge, action, and evaluation are essentially connected. The primary and pervasive significance of knowledge lies in its guidance of action: knowing is for the sake of doing. And action, obviously, is rooted in evaluation. For a being which did not assign comparative values, deliberate action would be pointless; and for one which did not know, it would be impossible. Conversely, only an active being could have knowledge, and only such a being could assign values to anything beyond his own feelings. A creature which did not enter into the process of reality to alter in some part the future content of it, could apprehend a world only in the sense of intuitive or esthetic contemplation; and such contemplation would not possess the significance of knowledge but only that of enjoying and suffering. (Lewis, 1946, p. 1)"Evolutionary epistemology" is a branch of scholarship that applies the evolutionary perspective to an understanding of how knowledge develops. Knowledge always involves getting information. The most primitive way of acquiring it is through the sense of touch: amoebas and other simple organisms know what happens around them only if they can feel it with their "skins." The knowledge such an organism can have is strictly about what is in its immediate vicinity. After a huge jump in evolution, organisms learned to find out what was going on at a distance from them, without having to actually feel the environment. This jump involved the development of sense organs for processing information that was farther away. For a long time, the most important sources of knowledge were the nose, the eyes, and the ears. The next big advance occurred when organisms developed memory. Now information no longer needed to be present at all, and the animal could recall events and outcomes that happened in the past. Each one of these steps in the evolution of knowledge added important survival advantages to the species that was equipped to use it.Then, with the appearance in evolution of humans, an entirely new way of acquiring information developed. Up to this point, the processing of information was entirely intrasomatic.... But when speech appeared (and even more powerfully with the invention of writing), information processing became extrasomatic. After that point knowledge did not have to be stored in the genes, or in the memory traces of the brain; it could be passed on from one person to another through words, or it could be written down and stored on a permanent substance like stone, paper, or silicon chips-in any case, outside the fragile and impermanent nervous system. (Csikszentmihalyi, 1993, pp. 56-57)Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Knowledge
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10 orden
f.1 order (mandato).¡a la orden!, ¡a sus órdenes! (military) (yes) sir!dar órdenes to give ordersestar a la orden del día to be the order of the dayhasta nueva orden until further noticepor orden de by order oforden de busca y captura warrant for search and arrestorden de desahucio o desalojo (law) eviction order2 order.orden de caballería order of knighthoodorden militar military order3 order. ( Latin American Spanish)¿ya les tomaron la orden? have you ordered yet?4 kind, class, order.Un nuevo orden de dificultad A new kind of difficulty.5 religious order, order.6 writ.7 command line.m.1 order.en o por orden alfabético/cronológico in alphabetical/chronological orderllamar al orden a alguien to call somebody to orderponer en orden algo to tidy something uppor orden in ordersin orden ni concierto in a haphazard waylas fuerzas del orden the forces of law and orderorden del día agendael orden establecido the established orderorden público law and order2 type, order (tipo).problemas de orden económico economic problemsdel orden de around, approximately, of o in the order ofen otro orden de cosas on the other hand* * *1 (ordenación) order2 BIOLOGÍA order3 ARQUITECTURA order4 field, sphere1 (mandato) order■ ¡es una orden! that's an order!■ ¡a la orden mi comandante! right away sir!2 RELIGIÓN order\del orden de of the order of, US on the order ofde primer orden first-rateestar algo a la orden del día to be the done thingpor orden de aparición in order of appearancepor orden de by order ofsin orden ni concierto any old howel orden del día the agendala orden del día MILITAR the order of the daylas fuerzas del orden the security forcesorden de búsqueda y captura→ link=ordenorden de detenciónorden de caballería order of knighthoodorden de detención arrest warrant■ se ha dictado una orden de detención contra Juan Gómez an order has been issued for the arrest of Juan Gómezorden de pago order of paymentorden de registro search warrantorden judicial court orderorden público public order, the peace, law and order* * *1. noun m. 2. noun f.order, command* * *1. SM1) [en colocación, sucesión]a) [con objetos, personas] orderfueron archivados por orden alfabético — they were filed alphabetically o in alphabetical order
•
poner orden en algo — to sort sth outel ministro supo poner orden en el departamento — the minister managed to sort out o put some order into the department
los policías trataban de poner orden en aquel caos de tráfico — the police attempted to sort out the traffic chaos
b)• en orden — in order
todo en orden, mi capitán — everything is in order, captain
en unas cuantas horas consiguieron poner todas sus cosas en orden — in a few hours they managed to sort everything out
2) (tb: orden social) order•
llamar al orden — to call to order•
mantener el orden — to keep order•
restablecer el orden — to restore o reestablish orderorden público — public order, law and order
fueron detenidos por alterar el orden público — they were arrested for breach of the peace o for disturbing the peace
3) (=tipo) nature•
en otro orden de cosas... — at the same time..., meanwhile...•
en todos los órdenes — on all fronts4)• del orden de — in the order of, in the region of
el coste sería del orden de diez millones de dólares — the cost would be in the order o region of ten million dollars
necesitamos del orden de 1.500 euros para comprarlo — we need approximately 1,500 euros to buy it
5)• en orden a — (=con miras a) with a view to; (=en cuanto a) with regard to
•
en orden a hacer algo — in order to do sth6) (Arquit) order7) (Bio) order8) (Rel) (tb: orden sacerdotal) ordination2. SF1) (=mandato) order¡es una orden! — (and) that's an order!
•
dar una orden a algn — to give sb an order, order sb•
hasta nueva orden — until further notice•
por orden de — by order ofestar a la orden del día —
en los setenta llevar coleta estaba a la orden del día — in the seventies ponytails were the in thing
orden de allanamiento — LAm search warrant
orden de arresto, orden de búsqueda y captura — arrest warrant
orden de comparación — Méx summons, subpoena (EEUU)
orden del día — (Mil) order of the day
orden ministerial — ministerial order, ministerial decree
2)•
a la orden —a) (Mil) yes, sir!estoy a la orden para lo que necesites — if there is anything you need, just ask
c)• a las órdenes de algn — (Mil) at sb's command; [en la policía] under sb's instructions o orders; [en otros trabajos] under sb
el personal que estará a las órdenes del nuevo director — the staff who will be working under the new director
¡a sus órdenes! — (Mil) yes sir; esp LAm at your service
3) (Mil, Hist, Rel) (=institución) order4) pl órdenes (Rel) orders5) (Com, Econ) order; Méx (=pedido) order•
cheques a la orden de Suárez — cheques (to be made) payable to Suárez6) Méx (=ración) dish* * *I1) ( mandato) orderpor orden del Sr Alcalde — by order of His Honour (AmE) o (BrE) Worship the Mayor
estamos a la orden para lo que necesite — (AmL) just let us know if there's anything we can do for you
a sus órdenes! — yes, sir!
a la orden! — (Mil) yes, sir!; ( fórmula de cortesía) (Andes, Méx, Ven) you're welcome, not at all
2) (Fin) order3) (Hist, Mil, Relig) order4) (AmL) (Com) ( pedido) orderII1)a) (indicando colocación, jerarquía) orderen or por orden alfabético — in alphabetical order
b) (armonía, concierto) orderpon un poco de orden en la habitación — straighten your room up a little (AmE), tidy your room up a bit (BrE)
tengo que poner mis ideas en orden — I have to straighten (AmE) o (BrE) sort my ideas out
llamar a alguien al orden — to call somebody to order
sin orden ni concierto — without rhyme or reason
c) ( disciplina) orderd) (de curas/monjas order; ( fraternidad) order2)a) (frml) (carácter, índole) natureb) ( cantidad)del orden de — (frml) on the order of (AmE), in o of the order of (BrE)
c) (period) ( ámbito)en otro orden de cosas ¿qué opina de...? — moving on to something else, what do you think about...?
3)a) (Arquit) orderb) (Biol, Zool) order* * *I1) ( mandato) orderpor orden del Sr Alcalde — by order of His Honour (AmE) o (BrE) Worship the Mayor
estamos a la orden para lo que necesite — (AmL) just let us know if there's anything we can do for you
a sus órdenes! — yes, sir!
a la orden! — (Mil) yes, sir!; ( fórmula de cortesía) (Andes, Méx, Ven) you're welcome, not at all
2) (Fin) order3) (Hist, Mil, Relig) order4) (AmL) (Com) ( pedido) orderII1)a) (indicando colocación, jerarquía) orderen or por orden alfabético — in alphabetical order
b) (armonía, concierto) orderpon un poco de orden en la habitación — straighten your room up a little (AmE), tidy your room up a bit (BrE)
tengo que poner mis ideas en orden — I have to straighten (AmE) o (BrE) sort my ideas out
llamar a alguien al orden — to call somebody to order
sin orden ni concierto — without rhyme or reason
c) ( disciplina) orderd) (de curas/monjas order; ( fraternidad) order2)a) (frml) (carácter, índole) natureb) ( cantidad)del orden de — (frml) on the order of (AmE), in o of the order of (BrE)
c) (period) ( ámbito)en otro orden de cosas ¿qué opina de...? — moving on to something else, what do you think about...?
3)a) (Arquit) orderb) (Biol, Zool) order* * *orden11 = command, commandment, directive, instruction, injunction, command function, edict.Ex: The first half of the command looks for words hit by 'FIB?' immediately followed by a word hit by 'OPTIC?'.
Ex: The commandment KOLN see COLOGNE should be sufficient cause for the rejection of the illicit proposal to establish OPERA -- KOLN.Ex: This directive is not an instruction and does not prevent adherence to the citation order.Ex: A command language is the language with which the search proceeds; the commands are instructions that the searcher can issue to the computer.Ex: Familiar injunctions such as 'Enter under...' seem to have been lost.Ex: The command function 'BASE' is used to identify the data base to be searched.Ex: A French edict of 1571 set the maximum price of Latin textbooks in large type at 3 deniers a sheet.* acatar + Posesivo + órdenes = march to + Posesivo + orders.* búsqueda por medio de órdenes = command search.* cadena de órdenes = command chain.* dar una orden = issue + command, issue + instruction.* de consulta mediante órdenes = command-based.* dictar órdenes = hand down + decisions.* ejecutar una orden = execute + command, execute + instruction.* encadenamiento de órdenes = command chaining.* estar a la orden del día = be the order of the day.* interfaz de consulta mediante órdenes = command-based interface.* intérprete de órdenes = command interpreter.* lenguaje de órdenes = command language.* llevar a cabo una orden = execute + command.* modalidad por órdenes = command mode.* orden bancaria = standing order, direct debit, direct billing.* orden de ampliar la búsqueda a los términos relacionados = explode command.* orden de arresto = warrant for + Posesivo + arrest, arrest warrant.* orden de comparecencia = subpoena, summons, judicial summons.* orden de compra = purchase order.* orden de desalojo = eviction order.* orden de deshaucio = eviction order.* orden de detención = arrest warrant, warrant for + Posesivo + arrest.* orden de funcionamiento del disco = disc operating command.* orden de mostrar los términos relacionados = expand command.* orden de pedido = order.* órdenes = command line operation.* orden judicial = warrant, court order, writ.* orden judicial de alejamiento = protection order.* orden judicial de distanciamiento = restraining order.* orden permanente de pago = standing account.* orden por comportamiento antisocial = ASBO (Antisocial Behaviour Order).* por orden de = mandated.* por orden del congreso = congressionally mandated.* que funciona a base de órdenes = command-driven.orden22 = array, order, sequence, ranking, tidiness.Ex: A microopaque is a sheet of opaque material bearing a number of microimages in a two-dimensional array.
Ex: A catalogue is a list of the materials or items in a library, with the entries representing the items arranged in some systematic order.Ex: A classified catalogue is a catalogue with three or four separate sequences: an author/title catalogue or index (or separate author and title catalogues), a classified subject catalogue, and a subject index to the classified catalogue.Ex: Those documents with sufficiently high rankings will be deemed relevant and eventually retrieved.Ex: The physical qualities that make a difference as to whether people visit woodlands or not include directional signs, good information boards and tidiness of appearance.* agente del orden = law enforcement officer, law-enforcement official, law enforcer.* alteración del orden = breach of the peace.* alteración del orden público = disorderly conduct, public order offence, breach of the peace.* alterar el orden público = breach + the peace, disturb + the peace.* clasificar en orden de importancia = rank + in order of importance.* del orden de = by the order of + Expresión Numérica.* de orden inferior = lower-order.* de orden superior = higher-order.* de primer orden = world-class, blue chip [blue-chip], first-order [1st-order].* de segundo orden = minor, second-order [2nd-order].* de tercer orden = tertiary.* en circuitos de segundo orden = in the provinces.* en cualquier orden = either way round.* en el mismo orden que = in sync with.* en el orden del día = on the agenda.* en orden de importancia = in rank order, in order.* en orden jerárquico = in ranked order.* en otro orden de cosas = on another topic, as for, as regards, meanwhile, on another matter, on another note, on other matters.* falto de orden = unordered.* fuerzas del orden = police force.* fuerzas del orden público = police force.* imponer orden = impose + order, bring + order.* imponer orden en donde hay caos = bring + order out of chaos.* mantener Algo en orden = keep + Nombre + in order.* mantener el orden = keep + order, police.* mantener el orden público = maintain + public order.* Norma Británica 1749: Recomendaciones para la ordenación alfabética y el ord = BS (British Standard) 1749: Recommendations for alphabetical arrangement and the filing order of numerals and symbols.* número de orden = rank number.* orden alfabético = alphabetical order, alphabetic order.* orden alfanumérico = alphanumeric order.* ordenar por orden de importancia = rank + in order.* orden ascendente = ascending order, ascending sequence.* orden cronológico = chronological order.* orden de cita = citation order, combination order.* orden de coautoría = co-authorship order.* orden de combinación de encabezamientos = citation order.* orden decreciente de importancia = decreasing order of importance.* orden de firma = co-authorship order.* orden de importancia = pecking order, significance order.* orden de importancia de los conceptos = significance order of terms.* orden del día = agenda.* orden de precedencia = order of precedence.* orden de preferencia = order of preference.* orden de prioridad = order of preference, priority order, pecking order, order of precedence.* orden de registro = search warrant.* orden descendente = descending order, descending sequence.* orden de sucesión = order of succession.* orden directo = direct order.* orden geográfico = geographical order.* orden integrado = integrated sequence.* orden inverso = reverse order.* orden inverso de palabras = indirect word order.* orden mundial = world order.* orden numérico = numerical order, numeric order.* orden preferido = preferred order.* orden público = public order.* orden secuencial = sequential order.* orden semiintegrado = semi-integrated sequence.* orden separado = separate sequence.* orden sistemático = classified order, systematic order.* orden social = social order.* orden topográfico = shelf order.* organizar según un orden específico = organise in + Adjetivo + order.* pensamiento de orden superior = higher-order thinking.* poner en orden = tidy up, put in + order, clear up.* poner orden = bring + order, tidying (up), create + order, clear out, clear up.* poner orden en el caos = create + order out of chaos.* por orden numérico = in numerical order.* punto del orden del día = agenda item.* ser del orden de + Número = be of the order of + Número.* sin orden = unordered.* sin orden ni concierto = higgledy-piggledy, without rhyme or reason.* turbar el orden público = disturb + the peace, breach + the peace.orden33 = order.Ex: The taxonomic subclass of acari (mites and ticks) comprises tens of thousands of species, grouped in many families and several orders.
* ingresar en una orden religiosa = join + religious order.* orden de caballería = knighthood.* orden de los Agustinos = Augustinian order.* orden de los franciscanos, la = Franciscan order, the.* orden de los Jesuitas = Jesuit order.* orden monástica = monastic order.* orden religiosa = religious order.* * *Arecibieron órdenes de desalojar el local they received orders to clear the premisesacatar una orden to obey an orderestá siempre dando órdenes he's always giving ordersdeja de darme órdenes stop ordering me aboutpor orden del Sr Alcalde se hace saber que … by order of His Worship the Mayor it is announced that …hasta nueva orden until further noticeel coche/la casa está a sus órdenes the car/house is at your disposalpor aquí estamos a la orden para cualquier cosa que necesite ( AmL); just let us know if there's anything we can do for you o we can do to help¡a sus órdenes! yes, sir!2¡a la orden! ( Mil) yes, sir!; (fórmula de cortesía) (Andes, Méx, Ven) you're welcome, not at all, it's a pleasureCompuestos:restraining order,protective order ( AmE)( AmL) injunction ( restricting the right to freedom of movement)arrest warrant● orden de busca y captura or de búsqueda y capturaarrest warrant(Chi, Méx) search warrantnotice to quitarrest warrant( Mil) order of the dayestar a la orden del día to be the order of the daylos atracos están a la orden del día muggings are the order of the day (at the moment)estos ordenadores están a la orden del día these computers are all the rage ( colloq)travel warrantcourt orderministerial order o decreeB ( Fin) orderorden bancaria banker's orderorden de pago order to paypáguese a la orden de … pay to the order of …Compuesto:standing orderorden militar military orderorden de caballería order of knighthoodla Orden de Calatrava/Santiago the Order of Calatrava/Santiago2 ( Relig) orderuna orden religiosa a religious orderCompuestos:● órdenes menores/mayoresfpl minor/major orders (pl)fpl holy orders (pl)A1 (indicando colocación, jerarquía) orderlas fichas están en or por orden alfabético the cards are in alphabetical orderel orden de las palabras the order of the wordspónganse por orden de estatura line up according to heightreparto por orden de aparición cast in order of appearancepor orden cronológico in chronological orderpor orden de antigüedad in order of seniorityvayamos por orden let's begin at the beginninguna necesidad de primer orden a basic necessity2 (armonía, concierto) orderpon un poco de orden en la habitación straighten your room up a little ( AmE), tidy your room up a bit ( BrE)puso orden en las cuentas she sorted the accounts out, she got the accounts straightpuso las páginas en orden she sorted out the pages, she put the pages in ordertengo que poner mis ideas en orden I have to sort my ideas outno tenía los papeles en orden his documents weren't in order¿falta algo? — no, está todo en orden is anything missing? — no, everything is in orderel nuevo orden mundial the new world orderllamar a algn al orden to call sb to ordersin orden ni concierto without rhyme or reason3 (disciplina) orderpara mantener el orden en la clase to keep order in the classroom¡orden en la sala! order in court!la policía restableció el orden the police reestablished orderCompuestos:battle formationagendael primer tema del orden del día the first item on the agendanatural orderel orden natural de las cosas the natural order of thingspublic ordermantener el orden público to keep the peacelo detuvieron por alterar el orden público he was arrested for causing a breach of the peace● orden sacerdotal or sagradoordinationB1 ( frml) (carácter, índole) natureproblemas de orden económico problems of an economic nature2ingresos del orden de los 150.000 dólares receipts on o in o of the order of 150,000 dollars3 ( period)(ámbito): en el orden internacional on the international fronten este orden de cosas in this respecten otro orden de cosas meanwhile4en orden a ( frml); with a view toC1 ( Arquit) orderorden dórico/jónico/corintio Doric/Ionic/Corinthian order* * *
orden 1 sustantivo femenino
1 ( mandato) order;
hasta nueva orden until further notice;
estamos a la orden para lo que necesite (AmL) just let us know if there's anything we can do for you;
¡a la orden! (Mil) yes, sir!;
( fórmula de cortesía) (Andes, Méx, Ven) you're welcome, not at all;
orden de arresto or de busca y captura arrest warrant;
orden de registro or (Chi, Méx) de cateo search warrant;
2 (Fin) order;
3 (Hist, Mil, Relig) order
4 (AmL) ( pedido) order
orden 2 sustantivo masculino
1 ( en general) order;
en or por orden alfabético in alphabetical order;
vayamos por orden let's begin at the beginning;
poner algo en orden ‹habitación/armario/juguetes› to straight sth (up) (esp AmE), to tidy sth up (esp BrE);
‹asuntos/papeles› to sort sth up;
‹ fichas› to put sth in order;
orden del día agenda;
orden público public order;
alterar el orden público to cause a breach of the peace
2
b) ( cantidad):
orden
I sustantivo masculino
1 (colocación, disciplina) order: hace falta un poco de orden, we need a bit of order here
orden del día, agenda
2 Arquit & Biol order
3 (tipo) nature: es un problema de orden moral, it's a moral issue
II sustantivo femenino
1 (mandato) order: no obedecimos sus órdenes, we failed to obey his orders
Jur warrant, order
orden de arresto, arrest warrant
2 Rel Mil order
la orden de los benedictinos, the Benedictine order
♦ Locuciones: Mil ¡a la orden/a sus órdenes!, yes, sir!
estar a la orden del día, to be common
llamar al orden, to call sb to order
poner en orden, to put in order: tengo que poner en orden mis ideas, I have to organize my ideas
del orden de, approximately: en el cine había del orden de mil personas, there were about one thousand people at the movies
sin orden ni concierto, without rhyme or reason
' orden' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
alteración
- atenerse
- auto
- bastante
- consigna
- desorden
- desordenar
- desordenada
- desordenado
- después
- disposición
- ejecutar
- excarcelar
- incumplir
- incumplimiento
- inversa
- inverso
- invertir
- librar
- mandamiento
- mandato
- marear
- mendicante
- perturbar
- primera
- primero
- recoger
- replicar
- respetar
- restablecer
- restablecimiento
- revolucionar
- transmitir
- trastocar
- acatar
- allanamiento
- alterar
- alzar
- anterior
- antes
- anular
- ausencia
- cumplir
- disturbio
- ejecución
- fuerza
- invertido
- lanzamiento
- llamada
- luego
English:
after
- agenda
- alphabetically
- antisocial
- arrange
- before
- bottom
- breach
- collect
- command
- comply
- court order
- disorder
- disturb
- enforce
- execute
- execution
- first
- gather
- in
- item
- keep
- next
- numerical
- obey
- order
- order of the day
- place
- prioritize
- reverse
- right
- sequence
- shall
- shipshape
- should
- sort out
- standing order
- straight
- system
- third
- thousandth
- tidiness
- to
- warrant
- writ
- alphabetical
- bark
- descend
- disorderly
- drunk
* * *orden1 nm1. [secuencia, colocación correcta] order;un orden jerárquico a hierarchy;le gusta el orden y la limpieza she likes order and cleanliness;Matel orden de los factores no altera el producto the order of the factors does not affect the product;en orden [bien colocado] tidy, in its place;[como debe ser] in order;poner en orden algo, poner orden en algo [cosas, habitación] to tidy sth up;tengo que poner mis ideas/mi vida en orden I have to put my ideas/life in order, I have to sort out my ideas/life;en o [m5]por orden alfabético/cronológico in alphabetical/chronological order;por orden in order;por orden de antigüedad/de tamaños in order of seniority/size;Cine & Teatropor orden de aparición in order of appearance;sin orden ni concierto haphazardlyorden del día agenda2. [normalidad, disciplina] order;acatar el orden establecido to respect the established order;llamar al orden a alguien to call sb to order;el orden natural de las cosas the natural order of things;mantener/restablecer el orden to keep/restore order;¡orden en la sala! order! order!el orden público law and order3. [tipo] order, type;dilemas de orden filosófico philosophical dilemmas;problemas de orden financiero economic problems;es una universidad de primer(ísimo) orden it's a first-rate university;del orden de around, approximately, of o in the order of;en otro orden de cosas on the other handorden de magnitud order of magnitude4. Biol order5. Arquit orderorden corintio Corinthian order;orden dórico Doric order;orden jónico Ionic orderorden2 nf1. [mandato] order;¡es una orden! that's an order!;Mil¡a la orden!, ¡a sus órdenes! (yes) sir!;Amestoy a las/sus órdenes I am at your service;Amsi no me queda bien, ¿la puedo cambiar? – cómo no, a sus o [m5] las órdenes if it's not right, can I change it? – of course you can, we're at your disposal;Ammi auto/casa está a la orden my car/house is at your disposal;cumplir órdenes to obey orders;dar órdenes (a alguien) to give (sb) orders;a mí nadie me da órdenes I don't take orders from anyone;hasta nueva orden until further notice;por orden de by order of;el local fue cerrado por orden del ayuntamiento the premises were closed by order of o on the orders of the town council;obedecer órdenes to obey orders;recibimos órdenes del jefe we received orders from the boss;sólo recibo órdenes de mis superiores I only take orders from my superiors;tener órdenes de hacer algo to have orders to do sthDer orden de arresto arrest warrant; Der orden de busca y captura warrant for search and arrest; Der orden de comparecencia summons;orden de desahucio eviction order;orden de desalojo eviction order;Der orden de detención arrest warrant; Der orden de detención europea European arrest warrant;la orden del día Mil the order of the day;Am [de reunión] the agenda;estar a la orden del día [muy habitual] to be the order of the day;orden de embargo order for seizure;Der orden judicial court order; CSur Der orden de lanzamiento eviction order; Der orden de registro search warrant2. Com orderorden de compra purchase order; Bolsa buy order; Bolsa orden al mercado market order;orden de pago payment order;Bolsa orden de venta sell order3. [institución] orderorden de caballería order of knighthood;orden mendicante mendicant order;orden militar military order;orden monástica monastic order5. Am [pedido] order;¿ya les tomaron la orden? have you ordered yet?;¿tiene la orden del médico? have you got the form from your doctor?* * *1 m1 order;por orden alfabético in alphabetical order;por orden de altura in order of height;poner en orden tidy up, straighten up;sin orden ni concierto without rhyme or reason2 ( clase):de todo orden of all kinds o types;de primer orden top-ranking, leading3:llamar al orden call to order4 ARQUI order2 f ( mandamiento) order;por orden de by order of, on the orders of;hasta nueva orden until further notice;¡a la orden! yes, sir* * *1) : ordertodo está en orden: everything's in orderpor orden cronológico: in chronological order2)orden del día : agenda (at a meeting)3)orden público : law and order1) : orderuna orden religiosa: a religious orderuna orden de tacos: an order of tacos2)orden de compra : purchase order3)estar a la orden del día : to be the order of the day, to be prevalent* * *orden n1. (en general) order2. (clase, tipo) nature¡a la orden! yes, sir!orden público law and order / the peace -
11 order
1. n порядок, последовательность; расположение, размещениеnot in the right order — не по порядку, не в обычном порядке
without order — в беспорядке, беспорядочно
2. n исправность, порядок, хорошее состояниеin order — в исправности, в годном состоянии
out of order — неисправный; не в порядке
to get out of order — испортиться, прийти в негодность; сломаться
3. n хорошее состояниеin going order — в исправном состоянии, исправный
4. n порядок, спокойствие; заведённый порядок5. n соблюдение закона, правилin order — в повиновении, в подчинении, под контролем
routine order — правила обслуживания; инструкция
6. n стройparade order — строй для парада, парадное построение
7. n порядок ведения; правила процедуры, регламентsessional orders — правила, остающиеся в силе в течение одной сессии
standing orders — правила, остающиеся в силе в течение нескольких сессий
on a point of order — по процедуре, согласно правилам процедуры
it was out of order to make such a tactless remark — это бестактное замечание было совершенно неуместным
8. n воен. построение, стройthe order — положение с винтовкой «у ноги»
9. n мат. порядок, степеньNew Order — «новый порядок»
10. n архит. ордерthe Doric, Ionic and Corinthian orders of Greek architecture — дорический, ионический и коринфский ордеры греческой архитектуры
11. n редк. ряд12. v приказывать; распоряжатьсяto order silence — приказать замолчать; потребовать тишины
order about — помыкать, распоряжаться
13. v направлять, посылать14. v назначать, прописывать15. v заказывать16. v приводить в порядокcalled to order — призвал к порядку; призванный к порядку
kept in order — содержал в порядке; содержимый в порядке
17. v располагать, распределять18. v амер. с. -х. приводить листья табака в кондиционное состояниеput in order — приводить в порядок; исправлять
set in order — приводить в порядок; исправлять
19. v посвящать в духовный сан20. v книжн. предопределятьСинонимический ряд:1. appositeness (noun) appositeness; appropriateness; aptness; expediency; meetness; rightness; suitability; suitableness2. arrangement (noun) arrangement; array; disposal; disposition; formation; grouping; layout; line-up; marshaling; ordering; placement; ranging; trimming3. association (noun) association; brotherhood; club; community; company; confederation; congress; federation; fellowship; fraternity; guild; league; organisation; organization; sect; society; sodality; union4. calm (noun) calm; peace; peacefulness; quiet; serenity5. class (noun) bracket; calibre; class; classification; degree; genre; grade; hierarchy; position; rank; station; status; tier6. command (noun) behest; bidding; canon; charge; command; commandment; dictate; directive; injunction; instruction; law; mandate; prescription; rule; word7. commission (noun) application; commission; direction; engagement; request; requisition; reservation; stipulation8. condition (noun) case; condition; estate; fettle; fitness; form; kilter; repair; shape; trim9. correctitude (noun) correctitude; correctness; decorousness; decorum; properness; propriety; seemliness10. custom (noun) custom; rite; ritual; tradition; usage11. extent (noun) extent; magnitude; matter; neighborhood; range; tune; vicinity12. harmony (noun) harmony; regularity; uniformity13. kind (noun) family; genus; kind; sort; subclass; tribe14. pattern (noun) distribution; management; method; orderliness; pattern; plan; regulation; system15. quantity (noun) amount; bulk; purchase; quantity; shipment16. set (noun) category; classification; set17. succession (noun) alternation; chain; consecution; course; line; procession; progression; row; run; sequel; sequence; series; string; succession; suite; train18. type (noun) breed; cast; caste; character; cut; description; feather; ilk; kidney; lot; manner; mold; mould; nature; persuasion; species; stamp; stripe; type; variety; way19. arrange (verb) adjust; arrange; array; classify; conduct; dispose; establish; furnish; marshal; methodize; organize; space; systematize20. command (verb) bid; charge; command; decree; dictate; direct; enjoin; instruct; ordain; require; tell; warn21. group (verb) assort; distribute; group; organise; range; rank; sort; systematise22. purchase (verb) purchase; requisition; send for23. rule (verb) boss; dictate to; dominate; domineer; rule; tyrannise24. secure (verb) buy; obtain; request; reserve; secureАнтонимический ряд:confusion; consent; derangement; disarrangement; disorder; disorganisation; disorganization; execution; irregularity; labyrinth; leave; liberty; license; maze -
12 अग्निः _agniḥ
अग्निः [अङ्गति ऊर्ध्वं गच्छति अङ्ग्-नि,नलोपश्च Uṇ.4.5., or fr. अञ्च् 'to go.']1 Fire कोप˚, चिन्ता˚, शोक˚, ज्ञान˚, राज˚, &c.-2 The God of fire.-3 Sacrificial fire of three kinds (गार्हपत्य, आहवनीय and दक्षिण); पिता बै गार्हपत्यो$ ग्निर्माताग्निर्दक्षिणः स्मृतः । गुरुराहवनीयस्तु साग्नित्रेता गरीयसी ॥ Ms. 2.232.-4 The fire of the stomach, digestive faculty, gastric fluid.-5 Bile (नाभेरूर्ध्व हृदयादधस्तादामाशयमाचक्षते तद्गतं सौरं तेजः पित्तम् इत्याचक्षते).-6 Cauterization (अग्नि- कर्मन्).-7 Gold.-8 The number three. शराग्निपरिमाणम् (पञ्चत्रिंशत्) Mb.13.17.26.-9 N. of various plants: (a) चित्रक Plumbago Zeylanica; (b) रक्तचित्रक; (c) भल्लातक Semicarpus Anacardium; (d) निम्बक Citrus Acida.-1 A mystical substitute for the letter र्. In Dvandva comp. as first member with names of deities, and with particular words अग्नि is changed to अग्ना, as ˚विष्णू, ˚मरुतौ, or to अग्नी, ˚पर्जन्यौ, ˚ वरुणौ, ˚षोमौ-11 पिङगला नाडी; यत्र तद् ब्रह्म निर्द्वन्द्वं यत्र सोमः, (इडा) सहाग्निना (अग्निः पिङ्गला) Mb.14.2.1.-12 Sacrificial altar, अग्निकुण्ड cf. Rām. 1.14.28.-13 Sky. अग्निर्मूर्धा Muṇḍ 2.1.4. [cf. L. ignis.[Agni is the God of Fire, the Ignis of the Latins and Ogni of the Slavonians. He is one of the most prominent deities of the Ṛigveda. He, as an immortal, has taken up his abode among mortals as their guest; he is the domestic priest, the successful accomplisher and protector of all ceremonies; he is also the religious leader and preceptor of the gods, a swift messenger employed to announce to the immortals the hymns and to convey to them the oblations of their worshippers, and to bring them down from the sky to the place of sacrifice. He is sometimes regarded as the mouth and the tongue through which both gods and men participate in the sacrifices. He is the lord, protector and leader of people, monarch of men, the lord of the house, friendly to mankind, and like a father, mother, brother &c. He is represented as being produced by the attrition of two pieces of fuel which are regarded as husband and wife. Sometimes he is considered to have been brought down from heaven or generated by Indra between two clouds or stones, created by Dyau, or fashioned by the gods collectively. In some passages he is represented as having a triple existence, which may mean his three- fold manifestations as the sun in heaven, lightning in the atmosphere, and as ordinary fire on the earth, although the three appearances are also elsewhere otherwise explained. His epithets are numberless and for the most part descriptive of his physical characteristics: धूमकेतु, हुतभुज्, शुचि, रोहिताश्व, सप्तजिह्व, तोमरधर, घृतान्न, चित्रभानु, ऊर्ध्वशोचिस्, शोचिष्केश, हरिकेश, हिरण्यदन्त, अयोदंष्ट्र &c. In a celebrated passage he is said to have 4 horns, 3 feet, 2 heads, and 7 hands. The highest divine functions are ascribed to Agni. He is said to have spread out the two worlds and + produced them, to have supported heaven, formed the mundane regions and luminaries of heaven, to have begotten Mitra and caused the sun to ascend the sky. He is the head and summit of the sky, the centre of the earth. Earth, Heaven and all beings obey his commands. He knows and sees all worlds or creatures and witnesses all their actions. The worshippers of Agni prosper, they are wealthy and live long. He is the protector of that man who takes care to bring him fuel. He gives him riches and no one can overcome him who sacrifices to this god. He confers, and is the guardian of, immortality. He is like a water-trough in a desert and all blessing issue from him. He is therefore constantly supplicated for all kinds of boons, riches, food, deliverance from enemies and demons, poverty, reproach, childlessness, hunger &c. Agni is also associated with Indra in different hymns and the two gods are said to be twin brothers.Such is the Vedic conception of Agni; but in the course of mythological personifications he appears as the eldest son of Brahmā and is called Abhimānī [Viṣṇu Purāṇa]. His wife was Svāhā; by her, he had 3 sons - Pāvaka, Pavamāna and Śuchi; and these had forty-five sons; altogether 49 persons who are considered identical with the 49 fires. He is also represented as a son of Aṅgiras, as a king of the Pitṛs or Manes, as a Marut and as a grandson of Śāṇḍila, and also as a star. The Harivaṁśa describes him as clothed in black, having smoke for his standard and head-piece and carrying a flaming javelin. He is borne in a chariot drawn by red horses and the 7 winds are the wheels of his car. He is accompanied by a ram and sometimes he is represented as riding on that animal. Agni was appointed by Brahamā as the sovereign of the quarter between the south and east, whence the direction is still known as Āgneyī. The Mahābhārata represents Agni as having exhausted his vigour and become dull by devouring many oblations at the several sacrifices made by king Śvetaki, but he recruited his strength by devouring the whole Khāṇḍava forest; for the story see the word खाण्डव].-Comp. -अ (आ) गारम् -रः, -आलयः, -गृहम् [अग्निकार्याय अगारम् शाक˚ त.] a fire- sanctuary, house or place for keeping the sacred fire; वसंश्चतुर्थो$ग्निरिवाग्न्यगारे R.5.25. रथाग्न्यगारं चापार्चीं शरशक्तिगदे- न्धनम् Mb.11.25.14.-अस्त्रम् fire-missile, a rocket,-आत्मक a. [अग्निरात्मा यस्य] of the nature of fire सोमा- त्मिका स्त्री, ˚कः पुमान्.-आधानम् consecrating the fire; so ˚आहिति.-आधेयः [अग्निराधेयो येन] a Brāhmana who maintains the sacred fire. (-यम्) =˚आधानम्. -आहितः [अग्निराहितो येन, वा परनिपातः P.II.2.37.] one who maintains the sacred fire; See आहिताग्नि.-इध् m. (अग्नीध्रः) [अग्निम् इन्द्धे स अग्नीध्] the priest who kindles fire (mostly Ved).-इन्धनः [अग्निरिध्यते अनेन] N. of a Mantra. (नम्) kindling the fire; अग्नीन्धनं भैक्षचर्याम् Ms.2.18.-उत्पातः [अग्निना दिव्यानलेन कृतः उत्पातः] a fiery portent, meteor, comet &c. In Bṛ. S.33 it is said to be of five kinds: दिवि भुक्तशुभफलानां पततां रूपाणि यानि तान्युल्काः । धिष्ण्योल्का- शनिविद्युत्तारा इति पञ्चधा भिन्नाः ॥ उल्का पक्षेण फलं तद्वत् धिष्ण्याशनिस्त्रिभिः पक्षैः । विद्युदहोभिः ष़ड्भिस्तद्वत्तारा विपाचयति ॥ Different fruits are said to result from the appearances of these portents, according to the nature of their colour, position &c.-उद्धरणम्, -उद्धारः 1 producing fire by the friction of two araṇis.-2 taking out, before sun-rise, the sacred fire from its cover of ashes previous to a sacrifice.-उपस्थानम् worship of Agni; the Mantra or hymn with which Agni is worshipped (अग्निरुपस्थीयते$नेन) अग्निस्त्रिष्टुभ् उपस्थाने विनियोगः Sandhyā.-एधः [अग्निमेधयति] an incendiary.-कणः; -स्तोकः a spark.-कर्मन् n. [अग्नौ कर्म स. त.]1 cauterization.-2 action of fire.-3 oblation to Agni, worship of Agni (अग्निहोत्र); so ˚कार्य offering oblations to fire, feeding fire with ghee &c.; निर्वर्तिताग्निकार्यः K.16.; ˚र्यार्धदग्ध 39, Ms.3.69, अग्निकार्यं ततः कुर्यात्सन्ध्ययोरुभयोरपि । Y.1.25.-कला a part (or appearance) of fire; ten varieties are mentioned धूम्रार्चिरुष्मा ज्वलिनी ज्वालिनी विस्फु- लिङ्गिनी । सुश्री: सुरूपा कपिला हव्यकव्यवहे अपि ॥ यादीनां दश- वर्णानां कला धर्मप्रदा अमूः ।).-कारिका [अग्निं करोति आधत्ते करणे कर्तृत्वोपचारात् कर्तरि ण्वुल्]1 the means of consecrating the sacred fire, the Ṛik called अग्नीध्र which begins with अग्निं दूतं पुरो दधे. 2. = अग्निकार्यम्.-काष्ठम् अग्नेः उद्दीपनं काष्ठं शाक ˚त.] agallochum (अगुरु)-कुक्कुटः [अग्नेः कुक्कुट इव रक्तवर्णस्फुलिङ्गत्वात्] a firebrand, lighted wisp of straw.-कुण्डम [अग्नेराधानार्थं कुण्डम्] an enclosed space for keeping the fire, a fire-vessel.-कुमारः, -तनयः; सुतः 1 N. of Kārttikeya said to be born from fire; Rām.7. See कार्त्तिकेय.-2 a kind of preparation of medicinal drugs.-कृतः Cashew-nut; the plant Anacardium occidentale. [Mar.काजू]-केतुः [अग्नेः केतुरिव]1 smoke.-2 N. of two Rākṣasas on the side of Rāvaṇa and killed by Rāma.-कोणः -दिक् the south-east corner ruled over by Agni; इन्द्रो वह्निः पितृपतिर्नौर्ऋतो वरुणो मरुत् । कुबेर ईशः पतयः पूर्वादीनां दिशां क्रमात् ॥-क्रिया [अग्निना निर्वर्तिता क्रिया, शाक. त.]1 obsequies, funeral ceremonies.-2 branding; भेषजाग्निक्रियासु च Y.3.284.-क्रीडा [तृ. त.] fire-works, illuminations.-गर्भ a. [अग्निर्गर्भे यस्य] pregnant with or containing fire, having fire in the interior; ˚र्भां शमीमिव Ś 4.3. (--र्भः) [अग्निरिव जारको गर्भो यस्य]1 N. of the plant Agnijāra.-2 the sun stone, name of a crystal supposed to contain and give out fire when touched by the rays of the sun; cf Ś2.7.-3 the sacrificial stick अरणि which when churned, gives out fire.(-र्भा) 1 N. of the Śamī plant as containing fire (the story of how Agni was discovered to exist in the interior of the Śamī plant is told in chap. 35 of अनु- शासनपर्व in Mb.)-2 N. of the earth (अग्नेः सकाशात् गर्भो यस्यां सा; when the Ganges threw the semen of Śiva out on the Meru mountain, whatever on earth &c. was irradiated by its lustre, became gold and the earth was thence called वसुमती)-3 N. of the plant महा- ज्योतिष्मती लता (अग्निरिव गर्भो मध्यभागो यस्याः सा) [Mar. माल- कांगोणी]-ग्रन्थः [अग्निप्रतिपादको ग्रन्थः शाक. त.] the work that treats of the worship of Agni &c.-घृतम् [अग्न्युद्दीपनं घृतं शाक. त.] a kind of medicinal preparation of ghee used to stimulate the digestive power.-चित् m. अग्निं चितवान्; चि-भूतार्थे क्विप् P.III.2.91] one who has kept the sacred fire; यतिभिः सार्धमनग्निमग्निचित् R.8.25; अध्वरे- ष्वग्निचित्वत्सु Bk.5.11.-चयः, -चयनम्, -चित्या. arranging or keeping the sacred fire (अग्न्याधान); चित्याग्निचित्ये च P.III.1.132.-2 (-यः, -यनः) the Mantra used in this operation.-3 a heap of fire-चित्वत् [अग्निचयनम् अस्त्यस्मिन् मतुप्; मस्य वः । तान्तत्वान्न पद- त्वम् Tv.] having अग्निचयन or अग्निचित्.-चूडः A bird having a red tuft.-चर्णम् gunpowder. कार्यासमर्थः कत्यस्ति शस्त्रगोलाग्निचूर्णयुक् Śukranīti 2.93.-ज, -जात a. produced by or from fire, born from fire.(-जः, -जातः) 1 N. of the plant अग्निजार (अग्नये अग्न्युद्दीपनाय जायते सेवनात् प्रभवति).1 N. of Kārttikeya पराभिनत्क्रौञ्चमिवाद्रिमग्निजः Mb.8.9. 68.3. Viṣṇu. (-जम्, -जातम) gold; so ˚जन्मन्.-जित् m. God; Bhāg.8.14.4.-जिह्व a.1 having a fiery tongue.-2 one having fire for the tongue, epithet of a God or of Visṇu in the boar incarnation. (-ह्वा)1 a tongue or flame of fire.-2 one of the 7 tongues of Agni (कराली धूमिनी श्वेता लोहिता नीललोहिता । सुवर्णा पद्मरागा च जिह्वा: सप्त विभावसोः-3 N. of a plant लाङ्गली (अग्नेर्जिह्वेव शिखा यस्याः सा); of another plant (जलपिप्पली) or गजपिप्पली (विषलाङ्गला) (Mar. जल-गज पिंपळी)-ज्वाला 1 the flame or glow of fire.-2 [अग्नेर्ज्वालेव शिखा यस्याः सा] N. of a plant with red blossoms, chiefly used by dyers, Grislea Tomentosa (Mar. धायफूल, धायटी).-तप् a. [अग्निना तप्यते; तप्-क्विप्] having the warmth of fire; practising austerities by means of fire.-तपस् a. [अग्निभिः तप्यते]1 practising very aus- tere penance, standing in the midst of the five fires.-2 glowing, shining or burning like fire (तपतीति तपाः अग्निरिव तपाः) hot as fire-तेजस् a. having the lustre or power of fire. (अग्नेरिव तेजो यस्य). (-स् n.) the lustre of fire. (-स् m.) N. of one of the 7 Ṛiṣis of the 11th Manvantara.-त्रयम् the three fires, See under अग्नि.-द a. [अग्निं दाहार्थं गृहादौ ददाति; दा. -क.]1 giving or supplying with fire-2 tonic, stomachic, producing appetite, stimulating digestion.-3 incendiary; अग्निदान् भक्तदांश्चैव Ms.9.278; अग्निदानां च ये लोकाः Y.2.74; so ˚दायक, ˚दायिन्. यदग्निदायके पापं यत्पापं गुरुतल्पगे. Rām.2.75.45.-दग्ध a.1 burnt on the funeral pile; अग्निदग्धाश्च ये जीवा ये$प्यदग्धाः कुले मम Vāyu. P.-2 burnt with fire.-3 burnt at once without having fire put into the mouth, being destitute of issue (?); (pl.) a class of Manes or Pitṛis who, when alive, kept up the household flame and presented oblations to fire.-दमनी [अग्निर्दम्यते$नया; दम्-णिच् करणे ल्युट] a narcotic plant, Solanum Jacquini. [Mar. रिंगणी]-दातृ [अग्निं विधानेन ददाति] one who performs the last (funeral) ceremonies of a man; यश्चाग्निदाता प्रेतस्य पिण्डं दद्यात्स एव हि.-दीपन a. [अग्निं दीपयति] stimulating digestion, stomachic, tonic.-दीप्त a. [तृ. त्त.] glowing, set on fire, blazing (-प्ता) [अग्निर्जठरानलो दीप्तः सेवनात् यस्याः सा] N. of a plant ज्योतिष्मती लता (Mar. मालकांगोणी), which is said to stimulate digestion.-दीप्तिः f. active state of digestion.-दूत a. अग्निर्दूत इव यस्मिन् यस्य वा] having Agni for a messenger, said of the sacrifice or the deity invoked; यमं ह यज्ञो गच्छत्यग्निदूतो अरंकृतः Rv.1.14.13.-दूषितः a. branded.-देवः [अग्नि- रेव देवः] Agni; a worshipper of Agni.-देवा [अग्निर्देवो यस्याः] the third lunar mansion, the Pleiades (कृत्तिका).-द्वारम् the door on the south-east of a building; पूर्व- द्वारमथैशाने चाग्निद्वारं तु दक्षिणे । Māna.9.294-95.-धानम् [अग्निर्धियते$स्मिन्] the place or receptacle for keeping the sacred fire, the house of अग्निहोतृ; पदं कृणुते अग्निधाने Rv. 1.165.3.-धारणम् maintaining the sacred fire; व्रतिनां ˚णम् K. 55.-नयनम् = ˚प्रणयनम्.-निर्यासः [अग्नेर्ज- ठरानलस्येव दीपको निर्यासो यस्य] N. of the plant अग्निजार.-नेत्र a. [अग्निर्नेता यस्य] having Agni for the leader or conveyer of oblations, an epithet of a god in general.-पदम् 1 the word Agni.-2 fire-place.-3 N. of a plant.-परिक्रि-ष्क्रि-या care of the sacred fire, worship of fire, offering oblations; गृहार्थो$ग्निपरिष्क्रिया Ms.2.67.-परिच्छदः the whole sacrificial apparatus; गृह्यं चाग्निपरिच्छदम् Ms.6. 4.-परिधानम् enclosing the sacrificial fire with a kind of screen.-परीक्षा [तृ. त.] ordeal by fire.-पर्वतः [अग्निसाधनं पर्वतः] a volcano; महता ज्वलता नित्यमग्निमेवाग्नि- पर्वतः Rām.5.35.43.-पुच्छः [अग्नेः अग्न्याधानस्थानस्य पुच्छ इव]. tail or back part of the sacrificial place; the extinction of fire.-पुराणम् [अग्निना प्रोक्तं पुराणम्] one of the 18 Purāṇas ascribed to Vyāsa. It derives its name from its having been communicated originally by Agni to the sage Vasiṣṭha for the purpose of instructing him in the two-fold knowledge of Brahman. Its stanzas are said to be 145. Its contents are varied. It has portions on ritual and mystic worship, cosmical descriptions, chapters on the duties of Kings and the art of war, a chapter on law, some chapters on Medicine and some treatises on Rhetoric, Prosody, Grammar, Yoga, Brahmavidyā &c. &c.-प्रणयनम् bringing out the sacrificial fire and consecrating it according to the proper ritual.-प्रणिधिः Incendiary. Dk.2.8.-प्रतिष्ठा consecration of fire, especially the nuptial fire.-प्रवेशः; -शनम [स. त.] entering the fire, self-immolation of a widow on the funeral pile of her husband.-प्रस्कन्दनम् violation of the duties of a sacrificer (अग्निहोमाकरण); ˚परस्त्वं चाप्येवं भविष्यसि Mb.1.84.26.-प्रस्तरः [अग्निं प्रस्तृणाति अग्नेः प्रस्तरो वा] a flint, a stone producing fire.-बाहुः [अग्ने- र्बाहुरिव दीर्घशिखत्वात्]1 smoke.-2 N. of a son of the first Manu; Hariv. N. of a son of Priyavrata and Kāmyā. V. P.-बीजम् 1 the seed of Agni; (fig.) gold (रुद्रतेजः समुद्भूतं हेमबीजं विभावसोः)-2 N. of the letter र्.-भम [अग्नि- रिव भाति; भा-क.]1 'shining like fire,' gold.-2 N. of the constellation कृत्तिका.-भु n. [अग्नेर्भवति; भू-क्विप् ह्रस्वान्तः]1 water.-2 gold.-भू a. [अग्नेर्भवतिः भू-क्विप्] produced from fire.(भूः) 1 'fire-born,' N. of Kārttikeya.-2 N. of a teacher (काश्यप) who was taught by Agni.-3 (arith.) six.-भूति a. produced from fire. (-तिः) [अग्निरिव भूतिरैश्वर्यं यस्य] N. of a pupil of the last Tīrthaṅkara. (-तिः) f. the lustre or might of fire.-भ्राजस् a. Ved. [अग्निरिव भ्राजते; भ्राज्-असुन्] shining like fire. अग्निभ्राजसो विद्युतः Ṛv.5.54.11.-मणिः [अग्नेरुत्थापको मणिः शाक. त.] the sunstone.-मथ् m. [अग्निं मथ्नाति निष्पादयति; मन्थ्-क्विप्- नलोपः]1 the sacrificer who churns the fuel-stick.-2 the Mantra used in this operation, on the अरणि itself.-मन्थः, -न्थनम्, producing fire by friction; or the Mantra used in this operation. (-न्थः) [अग्निर्मथ्यते अनेन मन्थ्-करणे घञ्] N. of a tree गणिकारिका (Mar. नरवेल) Premna Spinosa (तत्काष्ठयोर्घर्षणे हि आशु वह्निरुत्पद्यते),-मान्द्यम् slowness of digestion, loss of appetite, dyspepsia.-मारुतिः अग्निश्च मरुच्च तयोरपत्यं इञ् ततो वृद्धिः इत् च; द्विपदवृद्धौ पृषो. पूर्वपदस्य ह्रस्वः Tv.] N. of the sage Agastya.-मित्रः N. of a king of the Śunga dynasty, son of Puṣypamitra who must have flourished before 15 B. C. -the usually accepted date of Patañjali-as the latter mentions पुष्यमित्र by name.-मुखः a. having Agni at the head. (-खः) [अग्निर्मुखमिव यस्य]1 a deity, god, (for the gods receive oblations through Agni who is, therefore, said to be their mouth; अग्निमुखा वै देवाः; अग्निर्मुखं प्रथमं देवतानाम् &c; or अग्निर्मुखे अग्रे येषाम्, for fire is said to have been created before all other gods.)-2 [अग्निर्मुखं प्रधानमुपास्यो यस्य] one who maintains the sacred fire (अग्निहोतृद्विज)-3 a Brāhmaṇa in general (अग्निर्दाहकत्वात् शापाग्निर्मुखे यस्य for Brāhmaṇas are said to be वाग्वज्राः).-4 N. of two plants चित्रक Plumbago Zeylanica and भल्लातक Semicarpus Anacardium अग्निरिव स्पर्शात् दुःखदायकं मुखमग्रम् यस्य, तन्निर्यासस्पर्शेन हि देहे क्षतोत्पत्तेस्थयोस्तथात्वम्)-5 a sort of powder or चूर्ण prescribed as a tonic by चक्रदत्त-6 'fire- mouthed, sharp-biting, an epithet of a bug. Pt. 1. (-खी) अग्निरिव मुखमग्रं यस्याः; गौरादि-ङीष्]1 N. of a plant भल्लातक (Mar. बिबवा, भिलावा) and लाङ्गलिका (विषलाङ्गला).-2 N. of the Gāyatri Mantra (अग्निरेव मुखं मुखत्वेन कल्पितं यस्याः सा, or अग्नेरिव मुखं प्रजापतिमुखं उत्पत्ति- द्वारं यस्याः, अग्निना समं प्रजापतिमुखजातत्वात्; कदाचिदपि नो विद्वान् गायत्रीमुदके जपेत् । गायत्र्याग्निमुखी यस्मात्तस्मादुत्थाय तां जपेत् ॥ गोभिल).-3 a kitchen [पाकशाला अग्निरिव उत्तप्तं मुखं यस्याः सा].-मूढ a. [तृ. त.] Ved. made insane or stupefied by lightning or fire.-यन्त्रम् A gun अग्नियन्त्रधरैश्चक्रधरैश्च पुरुषैर्वृतः Śivabhārata 12.17.-यानम् An aeroplane. व्योमयानं विमानं स्यात् अग्नियानं तदेव हि । अगस्त्यसंहिता.-योगः See पञ्चाग्निसाधन. अग्नियोगवहो ग्रीष्मे विधिदृष्टेन कर्मणा । चीर्त्वा द्वादशवर्षाणि राजा भवति पार्थिवः ॥ Mb.13.14,2.43.-योजनम् causing the sacrificial fire to blaze up.-रक्षणम् 1 con- secrating or preserving the sacred (domestic) fire or अग्निहोत्र.-2 [अग्निः रक्ष्यते अनेन अत्र वा] a Mantra securing for Agni protection from evil spirits &c.-3 the house of an अग्निहोतृ.-रजः, -रजस् m. [अग्निरिव रज्यते दीप्यते; रञ्ज्-असुन् नलोपः]1 a scarlet insect by name इन्द्रगोप.-2 (अग्नेः रजः) the might or power of Agni.-3 gold. Mb.3. 16.86.7-रहस्यम् mystery of (worshipping &c.) Agni; N. of the tenth book of Śatapatha Brāhmaṇa.-राशिः a heap of fire, burning pile.-रुहा [अग्निरिव रोहति रुह्-क] N. of the plant मांसादनी or मांसरोहिणी (तदङ्कुरस्य वह्नितुल्य- वर्णतया उत्पन्नत्वात्तथात्वं तस्याः).-रूप a. [अग्नेरिव रूपं वर्णो यस्य] fire-shaped; of the nature of fire.-रूपम् the nature of fire.-रेतस् n. the seed of Agni; (hence) gold.-रोहिणी [अग्निरिव रोहति; रुह्-णिनि] a hard inflammatory swelling in the armpit.-लोकः the world a Agni, which is situated below the summit of Meru; in the Purāṇas it is said to be in the अन्तरिक्ष, while in the Kāśī Khaṇḍa it is said to be to the south of इन्द्रपुरी; एतस्या दक्षिणे भागे येयं पूर्दृश्यते शुभा । इमामर्चिष्मतीं पश्य वीतिहोत्रपुरीं शुभाम् ॥-वधूः Svāhā, the daughter of Dakṣa and wife of Agni-वर्चस् a. [अग्नेर्वर्च इव वर्चो यस्य] glowing or bright like fire. (n.) the lustre of Agni. (-m.) N. of a teacher of the Purāṇas.-वर्ण a. [अग्नेरिव वर्णो यस्य] of the colour of fire; hot; fiery; सुरां पीत्वा द्विजो मोहादग्निवर्णां सुरां पिबेत् Ms.11.9; गोमूत्रमग्निवर्णं वा पिबेदुदकमेव वा 91.(र्णः) 1 N. of a prince, son of Sudarśana.-2 N. of a King of the solar race, See R.19.1. the colour of fire. (-र्णा) a strong liquor.-वर्धक a. stimulating digestion, tonic.(-कः) 1 a tonic.-2 regimen, diet (पथ्याहार).-वल्लभः [अग्नेर्वल्लभः सुखेन दाह्यत्वात्]1 the Śāla tree, Shorea Robusta.-2 the resinous juice of it.-वासस् a. [अग्निरिव शुद्धं वासो यस्य] having a red (pure like Agni) garment. (n.) a pure garment.-वाह a. [अग्निं वाहयति अनुमापयति वा]1 smoke.-2 a goat.-वाहनम् a goat (छाग).-विद् m.1 one who knows the mystery about Agni.-2 an अग्निहोत्रिन् q. v.-विमोचनम् ceremony of lowering the sacrificial fire.-विसर्पः pain from an inflamed tumour, inflammation.-विहरणम्, -विहारः 1 taking the sacrificial fire from आग्नीध्र to the उत्तरवेदि.-2 offering oblations to fire; प्रत्यासन्ना ˚वेला K.348.-वीर्यम् 1 power or might of Agni.-2 gold.-वेतालः Name of Vetāla (connected with the story of Vikra- māditya).-वेशः [अग्नेर्वेश इव] N. of an ancient medical authority (चरक).-वेश्मन् m. the fourteenth day of the karma-ṃāsa; Sūryaprajñapti.-वेश्यः 1 N. of a teacher, Mbh.-2 Name of the 22nd muhūrta; Sūryapraj- ñapti. धौम्य cf. Mb 14.64.8.-शरणम्, -शाला-लम् a fire-sanctuary; ˚मार्गमादेशय Ś.5; a house or place for keeping the sacred fire; ˚रक्षणाय स्थापितो$हम् V.3.-शर्मन् a. [अग्निरिव शृणाति तीव्रकोपत्वात् शॄ-मनिन्] very passionate. (-m.) N. of a sage.-शिख a. [अग्नेरिव अग्निरिव वा शिखा यस्य] fiery, fire-crested; दहतु ˚खैः सायकैः Rām.(-खः) 1 a lamp.-2 a rocket, fiery arrow.-3 an arrow in general.-4 safflower plant.-5 saffron.-6 जाङ्गलीवृक्ष.(-खम्) 1 saffron.-2 gold.(-खा) 1 a flame; शरैरग्निशिखोपमैः Mb.-2 N. of two plants लाङ्गली (Mar. वागचबका or कळलावी) Gloriosa Superba; of other plants (also Mar. कळलावी) Meni- spermum Cordifolium.-शुश्रूषा careful service or worship of fire.-शेखर a. fire-crested. (-रः) N. of the कुसुम्भ, कुङ्कुम and जाङ्गली trees (-रम्) gold,-शौच a. [अग्नेरिव शौचं यस्य] bright as fire; purified by fire K.252.-श्री a. [अग्नेरिव श्रीर्यस्य] glowing like fire; lighted by Agni-ष्टुत्, -ष्टुभ, -ष्टोम &c. see ˚ स्तुत्, ˚स्तुभ् &c.-ष्ठम् 1 kitchen; अग्निष्ठेष्वग्निशालासु Rām.6.1.16.-2 a fire-pan.-संयोगाः explosives. Kau. A.2.3.-ष्वात्तः see स्वात्तः-संस्कारः 1 consecration of fire.-2 hallowing or con- secrating by means of fire; burning on the funeral pile; यथार्हं ˚रं मालवाय दत्वा Dk.169; नास्य कार्यो$ग्निसंस्कारः Ms.5.69, पितरीवाग्निसंस्कारात्परा ववृतिरे क्रियाः । R.12.56.-सखः; -सहायः 1 the wind.-2 the wild pigeon (smoke- coloured).-3 smoke.-सम्भव a. [प. ब.] sprung or pro- duced from fire.(-वः) 1 wild safflower.-2 lymph, result of digestion. (-वम्) gold.-साक्षिक [अग्निः साक्षी यत्र, कप्] a. or adv. keeping fire for a witness, in the presence of fire; पञ्चबाण˚ M.4.12. ˚मर्यादो भर्ता हि शरणं स्त्रियाः H.1.v. l, R.11.48.-सारम् [अग्नौ सारं यस्य अत्यन्तानलोत्तापनेपि सारांशादहनात् Tv.] रसाञ्जन, a sort of medical preparation for the eyes. (-रः -रम्) power or essence of fire.-सुतः Kārttikeya; त्वामद्य निहनिष्यामि क्रौञ्चमग्निसुतो यथा । Mb.7.156.93.-सूत्रम् a thread of fire.-2 a girdle of sacrificial grass (मौञ्जीमेखला) put upon a young Brāhmaṇa at the time of investiture.-सूनुः (See -सुतः), (सेनानीरग्निभूर्गुहः । Amar.); देव्यङ्कसंविष्ट- मिवाग्निसूनुम् । Bu. ch.1.67.-स्तम्भः 1 stopping the burning power of Agni.-2 N. of a Mantra used in this operation.-3 N. of a medicine so used.-स्तुत् m. (अग्निष्टुत्) [अग्निः स्तूयते$त्र; स्तु-आधारे क्विप् षत्वम्] the first day of the Agniṣṭoma sacrifice; N. of a por- tion of that sacrifice which extends over one day; यजेत वाश्वमेधेन स्वर्जिता गोसवेन वा । अभिजिद्विश्वजिद्भ्यां वा त्रिवृता- ग्निष्टुतापि वा ॥ Ms.11.74.-स्तुभ् (˚ष्टुभ्) m. [अग्निः स्तुभ्यते$त्र; स्तुभ्-क्विप् षत्वम्]1 = अग्निष्टोम.-2 N. of a son of the sixth Manu.-रतोमः (˚ष्टोमः) [अग्नेः स्तोमः स्तुतिसाधनं यत्र]1 N. of a protracted ceremony or sacrificeial rite extending over several days in spring and forming an essential part of the ज्योतिष्टोम.-2 a Mantra or Kalpa with reference to this sacrifice; ˚मे भवो मन्त्रः ˚मः; ˚मस्य व्याख्यानम्, कल्पः ˚मः P.IV.3.66. Vārt.-3 N. of the son of the sixth Manu.-4 a species of the Soma plant; ˚सामन् a part of the Sāma Veda chanted at the conclu- sion of the Agniṣṭoma sacrifice.-सावर्णिः Name of Manu.-स्थ a. (ष्ठ) [अग्नौ स्थातुमर्हति; स्था-क षत्वम्] placed in, over, or near the fire. (ष्ठः) an iron frying-pan; in the अश्वमेध sacrifice the 11th Yūpa which of all the 21 is nearest the fire.-स्वात्तः (written both as ˚स्वात्त and ˚ष्वात्त) (pl.) [अग्नितः i. e. श्राद्धीयविप्रकर- रूपानलात् सुष्ठु आत्तं ग्रहणं येषां ते] N. of a class of Pitṛs or Manes who, when living on earth, maintained the sacred or domestic fires, but who did not perform the Agniṣṭoma and other sacrifices. They are regarded as Manes of Gods and Brāhmaṇas and also as descen- dants of Marīchi; Ms.3.195. अग्निष्वात्ताः पितर एह गच्छत Tsy.2.5.12.2. (मनुष्यजन्मन्यग्निष्टोमादियागमकृत्वा स्मार्तकर्मनिष्ठाः सन्तो मृत्वा च पितृत्वं गताः इति सायणः).-हुत्, -होतृ Ved. sacrificing to Agni, having Agni for a priest; Rv.1.66.8.-होत्रम् [अग्नये हूयते$त्र, हु-त्र, च. त.]1 an oblation to Agni (chiefly of milk, oil and sour gruel.).-2 maintenance of the sacred fire and offering oblation to it; (अग्नये होत्रं होमो$स्मिन् कर्मणीति अग्निहोत्रमिति कर्मनाम); or the sacred fire itself; तपोवनाग्निहोत्रधूमलेखासु K.26. होता स्यात् ˚त्रस्य Ms.11.36. ˚त्रमुपासते 42; स्त्रीं दाहयेत् ˚त्रेण Ms.5.167,6.4, दाहयित्वाग्निहोत्रेण स्त्रियं वृत्तवतीम् Y.1.89. The time of throwing oblations into the fire is, as ordained by the sun himself, evening (अग्नये सायं जुहुयात् सूर्याय प्रातर्जुहुयात्). Agnihotra is of two kinds; नित्य of constant obligation (यावज्जीवमग्निहोत्रं जुहोति) and काम्य occasional or optional (उपसद्भिश्चरित्वा मासमेकमग्निहोत्रं जुहोति). (-त्र) a. Ved.1 destined for, connected with, Agnihotra.-2 sacrificing to Agni. ˚न्यायः The rule according to which the नित्यकर्मन्s (which are to be performed यावज्जीवम्) are performed at their stipulated or scheduled time only, during one's life time. This is discussed and established by जैमिनि and शबर at Ms.6. 2.23-26. in connection with अग्निहोत्र and other कर्मन्s. ˚हवनी (णी) a ladle used in sacrificial libations, or अग्निहोत्रहविर्ग्रहणी ऋक् Tv.; See हविर्ग्रहणी; ˚हुत् offering the अग्निहोत्र; ˚आहुतिः invocation or oblation connected with अग्निहोत्र.-होत्रिन् a. [अग्निहोत्र-मत्वर्थे इनि]1 one who practises the Agnihotra, or consecrates and maintains the sacred fire.-2 one who has prepared the sacrifi- cial place.-होत्री Sacrificial cow; तामग्निहोत्रीमृषयो जगृहु- र्ब्रह्मवादिनः Bhāg.8.8.2. -
13 via
1. f street, roadfig wayvia Marconi Marconi StVia lattea Milky Wayricorrere alle vie legali take legal actionin via eccezionale as an exceptionper via di by( a causa di) because of2. m off, starting signalsports dare il via give the offfig dare il via a qualcosa get something under way3. adv awayandar via go away, leavevia via ( gradualmente) little by little, gradually( man mano) as (and when)e così via and so onvia! per scacciare go away!, scram! colloq ( suvvia) come on!4. prep via, by way of* * *via1 s.f.1 street; ( anche extraurbana) road: una via lunga, stretta, a long, narrow street; una via piena di negozi, a street full of shops; una via privata, a private road; in che via abiti?, which street do you live in?; abito in via Roma, I live in via Roma; prendi la prima via a destra, take the first street on the right // le antiche vie romane, the ancient Roman roads; la Via Appia, Flaminia, the Appian, Flaminian Way // la Via Crucis, the Way of the Cross // (astr.) la Via Lattea, the Milky Way2 ( strada, percorso, tragitto) way; ( sentiero) path; ( itinerario) route: via d'acqua, waterway; le grandi vie di comunicazione, the major communication routes; la via più corta per la stazione, the shortest way to the station; aver perso la via di casa, to have lost one's way home; ci incontrammo a mezza via, we met halfway; vieni per questa via, come this way; ne parleremo per via, we can talk about it on the way; aprirsi una via nella foresta, to open up a path through the forest; aprire la via, (fig.) to lead (o to pave) the way // dare ( il segnale di) via libera, to signal 'go'; (ferr.) to signal 'all clear'; (fig.) to give the green light: dare via libera all'esecuzione di un progetto, to give the green light (o the go-ahead) to a project; dare via libera all'entusiasmo, to give free rein to enthusiasm // riportare qlcu. sulla retta via, to put s.o. back on the right track (o on the straight and narrow) // essere in via di guarigione, to be on the road to recovery; un albergo in via di costruzione, a hotel in course of construction // trasmissione via radio, satellite, broadcasting by radio, by satellite // per via aerea, by air; ( di posta) by air mail; treno Milano-Roma via Firenze, Milan-Rome train via Florence // la via della gloria, the path (s) of glory // la via della seta, the Silk Route // la via della droga, the drug route // ( alpinismo) aprire una nuova via, to open a new route3 ( modo) way; ( mezzo) means: questa è l'ultima via, this is the only way; non c'è via di scampo, d'uscita, there is no way out (o there is no help for it); non c'è via di mezzo, there is no middle course; per nessuna via, by no means; in via amichevole, in a friendly way (o by private contact); in via eccezionale, provvisoria, exceptionally, provisionally; in via diplomatica, through diplomatic channels; per via gerarchica, through official channels; te lo dico in via confidenziale, I'm telling you in confidence; per vie traverse, by underhand means; per altre vie, in other ways // passare alle vie di fatto, to resort to violence // (dir.) adire le vie legali, to take legal steps (o to start legal proceedings) // per via di, che, owing to (o on account of): l'aeroporto è chiuso per via della nebbia, the airport is closed owing to (o because of) fog; si conobbero per via di quel lavoro, they got to know each other through that job4 ( carriera) career: una laurea che apre molte vie, a degree that opens up many careers; scegliere la via degli affari, to take up a business career5 (med.): vie respiratorie, respiratory tract (o passage); è una medicina da prendere per via orale, it is a medicine for oral administration; un'iniezione per via intramuscolare, an intramuscular injection6 (inform.) way: via di accesso ai dati, path; via di informazione, code track; via di smistamento alternativa, alternative path // (tel.) via di trasmissione, channel.via2 avv.1 ( in unione a voci verbali) away, off: starò via per tutta la settimana, I'll be away all week; in estate siamo via, we're away in the summer; è via da casa, he's away from home; andate via!, go away!; correre, fuggire via, to run away (o off); l'hanno cacciato via, they drove him away; gli ospiti sono già andati via, the guests have already gone away (o have already left); il vento ha spazzato via le nubi, the wind has blown the clouds away; il canarino è volato via, the canary has flown away (o off); i ladri gli hanno portato via tutto, the thieves took away (o off) everything he had // è tempo buttato via, it's a waste of time // un lavoro tirato via, a slapdash piece of work // in questa casa i soldi vanno via che è un piacere, (fam.) in this house we get through money like nobody's business // e così via, e via dicendo, e via di questo passo, and so on (o and so forth) ∙ Per andare via, buttare via, tirare via, venire via ecc. → anche andare, buttare, tirare, venire ecc.2 ( in espressioni ellittiche, spec. sottintendendo il v. andare): balzò in piedi, e via di corsa!, he jumped up and off he went!; via come una saetta, off like a shot; via di lì!, get away from there!4 via via, ( di mano in mano, di volta in volta): via via che arrivano, mandali da me, send them to me as they arrive; via via che le ore passavano, cresceva l'angoscia, as the hours went by, anxiety increased; il dolore andava via via diminuendo, the pain was gradually subsiding◆ inter.: via!, (per cacciare qlcu.) off with you!, ( come segnale di partenza) go!; via, coraggio!, come on, cheer up!; via, dimmi quello che sai, come on, tell me what you know; via, non dire queste cose!, come now, don't say such things; non spaventarti, via!, now then, don't be afraid; via, non abbatterti così!, come on, don't be so downhearted!; via, sbrigatevi, è tardi!, come on, hurry up, it's late!; via, non è poi così difficile!, come on, it's not so hard!; eh via, smettetela di piagnucolare!, come on, stop whining!; via, non sono proprio così ingenuo!, come off it, I'm not such a fool!; oh via, basta con le bugie!, for heaven's sake, stop telling lies! // uno, due, tre via!, ( nelle gare) ready, steady, go!via2 s.m. start, starting signal: (sport) essere pronti al via, to be under starter's orders; dare il via, to give the starting signal; scattare al via, to be off to a good start // dare il via a una discussione, to open a debate; dare il via ai lavori, ( iniziarli) to set the work going, ( autorizzarli) to give the go-ahead to the work; quel malinteso diede il via a uno scambio di insulti, that misunderstanding sparked off an exchange of insults.* * *I ['via] sf1) (strada) road, (di città) street, road, (cammino) way, (percorso) route, (sentiero, pista) path, trackabito in via Manzoni 5 — i live at number 5, Via Manzoni
hai via libera — (a un incrocio) the road is clear
dare via libera a qc fig — to give the green light o the go-ahead
non c'è via di scampo o d'uscita — there's no way out
è una via di mezzo tra... — it's halfway between...
te lo dico in via privata o confidenziale — I'm telling you in confidence, (ufficiosamente) I'm telling you unofficially
per via di — because of, on account of
3) Anat tractper via orale Med — orally
4) AstronII ['via]1. avv1) (allontanamento) away, (temporaneo) outbuttare o gettare via qc — to throw sth away
tagliare via — to cut off o away
è andato via — (per poco tempo) he has gone out, (per molto tempo) he has gone away
vai via! — go away!, clear off! fam
2)e così via — and so one via dicendo; e via di questo passo — and so on (and so forth)
3)via via — (pian piano) gradually
via via che — (man mano) as
2.3. esclpronti, via! — ready, steady, go!
4. smSport (signal to) start, starting signaldare il via — to start the race, give the starting signal
hanno dato il via ai lavori — they've begun o started work
* * *['via] Isostantivo femminile1) (strada) road; (di città) streetvia principale — high o main street
2) (tragitto, percorso) wayandare da Torino a Roma via Bologna — (passando per) to go from Turin to Rome via Bologna
3) fig. (percorso)seguire, allontanarsi dalla retta via — to keep to, to stray from the straight and narrow
scegliere una via di mezzo — to take o follow a middle course
né rosso né arancione, ma una via di mezzo — neither red nor orange but somewhere (in) between
4) (mezzo, maniera) way5) (fase)7) med. (mezzo di somministrazione)per via orale, endovenosa — orally, intravenously
8) anat. duct9) per via di because of, owing to•"per via aerea" — "by airmail"
via maestra — high Street GB, main Street US
(passare alle) -e di fatto — dir. (to resort to) force
••II 1.1) (unito a voci verbali) away, offandare via — to go away; [ luce] to go off
buttare via qcs. — to throw sth. away
dare via qcs. — to give sth. away
venire via — [etichetta, vernice, bottone] to come off
2.via via che la serata proseguiva... — as the evening went on...
sostantivo maschile invariabile1) (partenza) start; (segnale) starting signal2) fig.3.dare il via a qcs. — to give sth. the go-ahead
1) (di incoraggiamento, incitamento) come on; (di allontanamento)via (di qui)! — go away! (di stupore, incredulità)
via, non può essere vero — get away, it can't be true
uno, due, tre, via! — one, two, three, go!
ai vostri posti, pronti, via! — ready, steady, go!
••e così via, e via dicendo, e via di questo passo o di seguito — and so on
* * *via1/'via/sostantivo f.1 (strada) road; (di città) street; le -e di Londra the streets of London; la Via Appia the Appian Way; via principale high o main street; via laterale side street; sulla pubblica via on the public highway2 (tragitto, percorso) way; sulla via del ritorno on one's way back; prendere la via più lunga to take the long way round; andare da Torino a Roma via Bologna (passando per) to go from Turin to Rome via Bologna3 fig. (percorso) essere sulla via della perdizione to be on the road to perdition; la via del successo the gateway to success; seguire, allontanarsi dalla retta via to keep to, to stray from the straight and narrow; scegliere una via di mezzo to take o follow a middle course; né rosso né arancione, ma una via di mezzo neither red nor orange but somewhere (in) between4 (mezzo, maniera) way; non c'è via di scampo there's no way out5 (fase) in via di completamento nearing completion; in via di guarigione on the road to recovery; specie in via d'estinzione endangered species; paese in via di sviluppo developing country6 (modo di procedere) per via diplomatica through diplomatic channels; per -e traverse by roundabout means; per via legale through a law suit9 per via di because of, owing tole -e del Signore sono infinite God moves in mysterious ways\"per via aerea" "by airmail"; via di comunicazione transport link; la Via Lattea the Milky Way; via maestra high Street GB, main Street US; (passare alle) -e di fatto dir. (to resort to) force.————————via2/'via/I avverbio1 (unito a voci verbali) away, off; andare via to go away; [ luce] to go off; buttare via qcs. to throw sth. away; dare via qcs. to give sth. away; venire via [etichetta, vernice, bottone] to come off2 via via (man mano) via via inventava delle spiegazioni he was making up explanations as he went along; via via che la serata proseguiva... as the evening went on...; il tuo inglese va via via migliorando your English is improving little by littleII m.inv.1 (partenza) start; (segnale) starting signal; al via at the start; dare il via to give the starting signal2 fig. dare il via a qcs. to give sth. the go-aheadIII interiezione1 (di incoraggiamento, incitamento) come on; (di allontanamento) via (di qui)! go away! (di stupore, incredulità) via, non può essere vero get away, it can't be true2 (comando di partenza) uno, due, tre, via! one, two, three, go! ai vostri posti, pronti, via! ready, steady, go!e così via, e via dicendo, e via di questo passo o di seguito and so on. -
14 facies
făcĭes, ēi (old form facies, rarely facii, Gell. 8, 14, 1:I. A.facie,
Plaut. Mil. 4, 4, 36; dat. facie, facii, Gell. l. l.; plur. very rare; nom. and acc. facies, Vulg. Thren. 5, 12; id. Jer. 42, 12; dat. faciebus, Hier. Eph. 3, 5), f. [root fa- of fari, strengthened fac-; cf. fax, facetus].In gen. (= universa corporis forma; cf.: figura, species): Quidam faciem esse hominis putant os tantum et oculos et genas, quod Graeci prosôpon dicunt: quando facies sit forma omnis et modus et factura quaedam corporis totius, etc., Gell. 13, 29: Sardinia in Africo mari facie vestigii humani, Sall. H. ap. Gell. l. l.; Plaut. Poen. 5, 2, 151 sq.; cf. Non. 52, 27 sq.:2.non est formosa, cujus crus laudatur aut brachium, sed illa, cujus universa facies admirationem singulis partibus abstulit,
Sen. Ep. 33; cf. Lucr. 5, 1169 sq.; Hor. S. 1, 2, 87.—Of things: Dae. Dicito, quid insit, et qua facie, memorato onmia... Pa. Sunt crepundia. Dae. Qua facie sunt? Plaut. Rud. 4, 4, 105 and 111:3.curvata in montis faciem circumstetit unda,
Verg. G. 4, 361:haec facies Trojae, cum caperetur, erat,
Ov. Tr. 1, 3, 26; cf.urbium,
Plin. Ep. 2, 17 fin.:antequam Vesuvius faciem loci verteret,
Tac. A. 4, 67:arboris,
Plin. 12, 14, 31, § 55:vehiculi,
Gell. 15, 30, 3:alia illi caeli,
Plin. 6, 17, 21, § 58:ossa contusa in faciem pulveris,
Gell. 10, 18, 3:longa quibus facies ovis erit,
Hor. S. 2, 4, 12 et saep. —Prov.: verte omnes tete in facies, i. e. resort to every expedient (an expression borrowed from, and alluding to, the changes of Proteus), Verg. A. 12, 891.—B.In partic., face, visage, countenance (most freq. in class. Lat.;II.syn.: os, vultus, frons, lineamenta): facies homini tantum: ceteris os aut rostra,
Plin. 11, 37, 51, § 138:in facie vultuque nostro cum sint decem aut paulo plura membra, etc.,
id. 7, 1, 1, § 8:non quaeruntur ea, quae nobis non possumus fingere, facies, vultus, sonus,
Cic. de Or. 1, 28, 127:prorsus in facie vultuque vecordia inerat,
Sall. C. 15, 5:qua facie, qua statura,
Cic. Phil. 2, 16, 41: uretur facies;urentur sole capilli,
Tib. 1, 9, 15: cf. id. 1, 5, 43:sumit utrumque Inde habitum facies,
Juv. 9, 20:peregrina,
Plaut. Ps. 4, 2, 9; cf.:affers faciem novam,
Cic. Fl. 29, 70:liberali (homo),
Ter. Eun. 3, 2, 20:egregiā (virgo),
of rare beauty, id. Phorm. 1, 2, 50:hispida,
Hor. C. 4, 10, 5:cicatricosa,
Quint. 4, 1, 61:adversa,
id. 2, 13, 9:curvo nec faciem litore demovet,
Hor. C. 4, 5, 14:de facie quidem nosti,
Cic. Pis. 32, 81:recta facie loqui,
i. e. boldly, Juv. 6, 401 et saep.— Poet.:cura dabit faciem, facies neglecta peribit,
a beautiful face, beauty, Ov. A. A. 3, 105.— Prov.: perfricare faciem, to lay aside shame, Plin. H. N. praef. § 4; cf. Quint. 11, 3, 160.Trop., external form, look, condition, appearance (class.):2.set qua faciest tuus sodalis,
Plaut. Capt. 3, 4, 113; id. Rud. 2, 7, 7:fateantur, in Maeandrii persona esse expressam faciem civitatis,
Cic. Fl. 22, 13; cf.:(C. Popilius) senatus faciem secum attulerat auctoritatemque Populi Romani,
id. Phil. 8, 8, 23:una senum facies, cum voce trementia membra, etc.,
Juv. 10, 198:quibus rebus immutata facies urbis erat,
Sall. C. 31, 1:loci,
Tac. A. 4, 67:formam quidem ipsam et tamquam faciem honesti vides,
Cic. Off. 1, 5, 14; Quint. 3, 6, 88; 4, 1, 42 Spald.:quarum (causarum) varia ac nova semper est facies,
id. 2, 4, 28:plures eloquentiae facies,
id. 12, 10, 69:(inventiunculae) facie ingenii blandiuntur,
id. 8, 5, 22:nec ulla facies mali erat,
Curt. 3, 11, 22:ad istam faciem est morbus qui me macerat,
has that form, is of such a nature, Plaut. Cist. 1, 1, 73.—In partic., in Tac. for the class. species, external appearance, as opposed to reality, a pretence, pretext; publici consilii facie (= specie), Tac. H. 2, 54; id. A. 13, 28; Amm. 20, 5.—B.Transf., poet. and in post-Aug. prose, for the class. aspectus, look, sight, aspect: quae scelerum [p. 715] facies? Verg. A. 6, 560:subita,
Sil. 7, 367:decora,
Plin. Pan. 56, 5:memoranda,
id. ib. 35, 1:foeda,
id. ib. 82, 8:vineae unam faciem contexunt,
id. Ep. 5, 6, 9:exceptio, quae prima facie justa videatur,
at first sight, Gai. Inst. 4, 1:prima facie,
Dig. 16, 1, 13; Sen. Ep. 87, 1; id. Contr. 5, 10, 15. -
15 Artificial Intelligence
In my opinion, none of [these programs] does even remote justice to the complexity of human mental processes. Unlike men, "artificially intelligent" programs tend to be single minded, undistractable, and unemotional. (Neisser, 1967, p. 9)Future progress in [artificial intelligence] will depend on the development of both practical and theoretical knowledge.... As regards theoretical knowledge, some have sought a unified theory of artificial intelligence. My view is that artificial intelligence is (or soon will be) an engineering discipline since its primary goal is to build things. (Nilsson, 1971, pp. vii-viii)Most workers in AI [artificial intelligence] research and in related fields confess to a pronounced feeling of disappointment in what has been achieved in the last 25 years. Workers entered the field around 1950, and even around 1960, with high hopes that are very far from being realized in 1972. In no part of the field have the discoveries made so far produced the major impact that was then promised.... In the meantime, claims and predictions regarding the potential results of AI research had been publicized which went even farther than the expectations of the majority of workers in the field, whose embarrassments have been added to by the lamentable failure of such inflated predictions....When able and respected scientists write in letters to the present author that AI, the major goal of computing science, represents "another step in the general process of evolution"; that possibilities in the 1980s include an all-purpose intelligence on a human-scale knowledge base; that awe-inspiring possibilities suggest themselves based on machine intelligence exceeding human intelligence by the year 2000 [one has the right to be skeptical]. (Lighthill, 1972, p. 17)4) Just as Astronomy Succeeded Astrology, the Discovery of Intellectual Processes in Machines Should Lead to a Science, EventuallyJust as astronomy succeeded astrology, following Kepler's discovery of planetary regularities, the discoveries of these many principles in empirical explorations on intellectual processes in machines should lead to a science, eventually. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)5) Problems in Machine Intelligence Arise Because Things Obvious to Any Person Are Not Represented in the ProgramMany problems arise in experiments on machine intelligence because things obvious to any person are not represented in any program. One can pull with a string, but one cannot push with one.... Simple facts like these caused serious problems when Charniak attempted to extend Bobrow's "Student" program to more realistic applications, and they have not been faced up to until now. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 77)What do we mean by [a symbolic] "description"? We do not mean to suggest that our descriptions must be made of strings of ordinary language words (although they might be). The simplest kind of description is a structure in which some features of a situation are represented by single ("primitive") symbols, and relations between those features are represented by other symbols-or by other features of the way the description is put together. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)[AI is] the use of computer programs and programming techniques to cast light on the principles of intelligence in general and human thought in particular. (Boden, 1977, p. 5)The word you look for and hardly ever see in the early AI literature is the word knowledge. They didn't believe you have to know anything, you could always rework it all.... In fact 1967 is the turning point in my mind when there was enough feeling that the old ideas of general principles had to go.... I came up with an argument for what I called the primacy of expertise, and at the time I called the other guys the generalists. (Moses, quoted in McCorduck, 1979, pp. 228-229)9) Artificial Intelligence Is Psychology in a Particularly Pure and Abstract FormThe basic idea of cognitive science is that intelligent beings are semantic engines-in other words, automatic formal systems with interpretations under which they consistently make sense. We can now see why this includes psychology and artificial intelligence on a more or less equal footing: people and intelligent computers (if and when there are any) turn out to be merely different manifestations of the same underlying phenomenon. Moreover, with universal hardware, any semantic engine can in principle be formally imitated by a computer if only the right program can be found. And that will guarantee semantic imitation as well, since (given the appropriate formal behavior) the semantics is "taking care of itself" anyway. Thus we also see why, from this perspective, artificial intelligence can be regarded as psychology in a particularly pure and abstract form. The same fundamental structures are under investigation, but in AI, all the relevant parameters are under direct experimental control (in the programming), without any messy physiology or ethics to get in the way. (Haugeland, 1981b, p. 31)There are many different kinds of reasoning one might imagine:Formal reasoning involves the syntactic manipulation of data structures to deduce new ones following prespecified rules of inference. Mathematical logic is the archetypical formal representation. Procedural reasoning uses simulation to answer questions and solve problems. When we use a program to answer What is the sum of 3 and 4? it uses, or "runs," a procedural model of arithmetic. Reasoning by analogy seems to be a very natural mode of thought for humans but, so far, difficult to accomplish in AI programs. The idea is that when you ask the question Can robins fly? the system might reason that "robins are like sparrows, and I know that sparrows can fly, so robins probably can fly."Generalization and abstraction are also natural reasoning process for humans that are difficult to pin down well enough to implement in a program. If one knows that Robins have wings, that Sparrows have wings, and that Blue jays have wings, eventually one will believe that All birds have wings. This capability may be at the core of most human learning, but it has not yet become a useful technique in AI.... Meta- level reasoning is demonstrated by the way one answers the question What is Paul Newman's telephone number? You might reason that "if I knew Paul Newman's number, I would know that I knew it, because it is a notable fact." This involves using "knowledge about what you know," in particular, about the extent of your knowledge and about the importance of certain facts. Recent research in psychology and AI indicates that meta-level reasoning may play a central role in human cognitive processing. (Barr & Feigenbaum, 1981, pp. 146-147)Suffice it to say that programs already exist that can do things-or, at the very least, appear to be beginning to do things-which ill-informed critics have asserted a priori to be impossible. Examples include: perceiving in a holistic as opposed to an atomistic way; using language creatively; translating sensibly from one language to another by way of a language-neutral semantic representation; planning acts in a broad and sketchy fashion, the details being decided only in execution; distinguishing between different species of emotional reaction according to the psychological context of the subject. (Boden, 1981, p. 33)Can the synthesis of Man and Machine ever be stable, or will the purely organic component become such a hindrance that it has to be discarded? If this eventually happens-and I have... good reasons for thinking that it must-we have nothing to regret and certainly nothing to fear. (Clarke, 1984, p. 243)The thesis of GOFAI... is not that the processes underlying intelligence can be described symbolically... but that they are symbolic. (Haugeland, 1985, p. 113)14) Artificial Intelligence Provides a Useful Approach to Psychological and Psychiatric Theory FormationIt is all very well formulating psychological and psychiatric theories verbally but, when using natural language (even technical jargon), it is difficult to recognise when a theory is complete; oversights are all too easily made, gaps too readily left. This is a point which is generally recognised to be true and it is for precisely this reason that the behavioural sciences attempt to follow the natural sciences in using "classical" mathematics as a more rigorous descriptive language. However, it is an unfortunate fact that, with a few notable exceptions, there has been a marked lack of success in this application. It is my belief that a different approach-a different mathematics-is needed, and that AI provides just this approach. (Hand, quoted in Hand, 1985, pp. 6-7)We might distinguish among four kinds of AI.Research of this kind involves building and programming computers to perform tasks which, to paraphrase Marvin Minsky, would require intelligence if they were done by us. Researchers in nonpsychological AI make no claims whatsoever about the psychological realism of their programs or the devices they build, that is, about whether or not computers perform tasks as humans do.Research here is guided by the view that the computer is a useful tool in the study of mind. In particular, we can write computer programs or build devices that simulate alleged psychological processes in humans and then test our predictions about how the alleged processes work. We can weave these programs and devices together with other programs and devices that simulate different alleged mental processes and thereby test the degree to which the AI system as a whole simulates human mentality. According to weak psychological AI, working with computer models is a way of refining and testing hypotheses about processes that are allegedly realized in human minds.... According to this view, our minds are computers and therefore can be duplicated by other computers. Sherry Turkle writes that the "real ambition is of mythic proportions, making a general purpose intelligence, a mind." (Turkle, 1984, p. 240) The authors of a major text announce that "the ultimate goal of AI research is to build a person or, more humbly, an animal." (Charniak & McDermott, 1985, p. 7)Research in this field, like strong psychological AI, takes seriously the functionalist view that mentality can be realized in many different types of physical devices. Suprapsychological AI, however, accuses strong psychological AI of being chauvinisticof being only interested in human intelligence! Suprapsychological AI claims to be interested in all the conceivable ways intelligence can be realized. (Flanagan, 1991, pp. 241-242)16) Determination of Relevance of Rules in Particular ContextsEven if the [rules] were stored in a context-free form the computer still couldn't use them. To do that the computer requires rules enabling it to draw on just those [ rules] which are relevant in each particular context. Determination of relevance will have to be based on further facts and rules, but the question will again arise as to which facts and rules are relevant for making each particular determination. One could always invoke further facts and rules to answer this question, but of course these must be only the relevant ones. And so it goes. It seems that AI workers will never be able to get started here unless they can settle the problem of relevance beforehand by cataloguing types of context and listing just those facts which are relevant in each. (Dreyfus & Dreyfus, 1986, p. 80)Perhaps the single most important idea to artificial intelligence is that there is no fundamental difference between form and content, that meaning can be captured in a set of symbols such as a semantic net. (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)Artificial intelligence is based on the assumption that the mind can be described as some kind of formal system manipulating symbols that stand for things in the world. Thus it doesn't matter what the brain is made of, or what it uses for tokens in the great game of thinking. Using an equivalent set of tokens and rules, we can do thinking with a digital computer, just as we can play chess using cups, salt and pepper shakers, knives, forks, and spoons. Using the right software, one system (the mind) can be mapped into the other (the computer). (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)19) A Statement of the Primary and Secondary Purposes of Artificial IntelligenceThe primary goal of Artificial Intelligence is to make machines smarter.The secondary goals of Artificial Intelligence are to understand what intelligence is (the Nobel laureate purpose) and to make machines more useful (the entrepreneurial purpose). (Winston, 1987, p. 1)The theoretical ideas of older branches of engineering are captured in the language of mathematics. We contend that mathematical logic provides the basis for theory in AI. Although many computer scientists already count logic as fundamental to computer science in general, we put forward an even stronger form of the logic-is-important argument....AI deals mainly with the problem of representing and using declarative (as opposed to procedural) knowledge. Declarative knowledge is the kind that is expressed as sentences, and AI needs a language in which to state these sentences. Because the languages in which this knowledge usually is originally captured (natural languages such as English) are not suitable for computer representations, some other language with the appropriate properties must be used. It turns out, we think, that the appropriate properties include at least those that have been uppermost in the minds of logicians in their development of logical languages such as the predicate calculus. Thus, we think that any language for expressing knowledge in AI systems must be at least as expressive as the first-order predicate calculus. (Genesereth & Nilsson, 1987, p. viii)21) Perceptual Structures Can Be Represented as Lists of Elementary PropositionsIn artificial intelligence studies, perceptual structures are represented as assemblages of description lists, the elementary components of which are propositions asserting that certain relations hold among elements. (Chase & Simon, 1988, p. 490)Artificial intelligence (AI) is sometimes defined as the study of how to build and/or program computers to enable them to do the sorts of things that minds can do. Some of these things are commonly regarded as requiring intelligence: offering a medical diagnosis and/or prescription, giving legal or scientific advice, proving theorems in logic or mathematics. Others are not, because they can be done by all normal adults irrespective of educational background (and sometimes by non-human animals too), and typically involve no conscious control: seeing things in sunlight and shadows, finding a path through cluttered terrain, fitting pegs into holes, speaking one's own native tongue, and using one's common sense. Because it covers AI research dealing with both these classes of mental capacity, this definition is preferable to one describing AI as making computers do "things that would require intelligence if done by people." However, it presupposes that computers could do what minds can do, that they might really diagnose, advise, infer, and understand. One could avoid this problematic assumption (and also side-step questions about whether computers do things in the same way as we do) by defining AI instead as "the development of computers whose observable performance has features which in humans we would attribute to mental processes." This bland characterization would be acceptable to some AI workers, especially amongst those focusing on the production of technological tools for commercial purposes. But many others would favour a more controversial definition, seeing AI as the science of intelligence in general-or, more accurately, as the intellectual core of cognitive science. As such, its goal is to provide a systematic theory that can explain (and perhaps enable us to replicate) both the general categories of intentionality and the diverse psychological capacities grounded in them. (Boden, 1990b, pp. 1-2)Because the ability to store data somewhat corresponds to what we call memory in human beings, and because the ability to follow logical procedures somewhat corresponds to what we call reasoning in human beings, many members of the cult have concluded that what computers do somewhat corresponds to what we call thinking. It is no great difficulty to persuade the general public of that conclusion since computers process data very fast in small spaces well below the level of visibility; they do not look like other machines when they are at work. They seem to be running along as smoothly and silently as the brain does when it remembers and reasons and thinks. On the other hand, those who design and build computers know exactly how the machines are working down in the hidden depths of their semiconductors. Computers can be taken apart, scrutinized, and put back together. Their activities can be tracked, analyzed, measured, and thus clearly understood-which is far from possible with the brain. This gives rise to the tempting assumption on the part of the builders and designers that computers can tell us something about brains, indeed, that the computer can serve as a model of the mind, which then comes to be seen as some manner of information processing machine, and possibly not as good at the job as the machine. (Roszak, 1994, pp. xiv-xv)The inner workings of the human mind are far more intricate than the most complicated systems of modern technology. Researchers in the field of artificial intelligence have been attempting to develop programs that will enable computers to display intelligent behavior. Although this field has been an active one for more than thirty-five years and has had many notable successes, AI researchers still do not know how to create a program that matches human intelligence. No existing program can recall facts, solve problems, reason, learn, and process language with human facility. This lack of success has occurred not because computers are inferior to human brains but rather because we do not yet know in sufficient detail how intelligence is organized in the brain. (Anderson, 1995, p. 2)Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Artificial Intelligence
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16 tunc
tunc, adv. demonstr., of time [tum, and demonstr. suffix -ce], then, at that time; but in ante-class. and class. prose tunc is always emphatic, and generally refers to a point of time. In post-Aug. style tunc freq. occurs without emphasis, and is freely used of periods of time. Tunc = deinde occurs first in the class. per. and rarely in prose; but is very freq. after the Aug. per. Tunc in mere co-ordinative use is very rare and not ante-class. (v. I. C.). Tunc coupled with an emphatic or temporal particle is very rare in class. prose, but freq. in the postAug. period. Poets often use tunc instead of tum before vowels for the sake of the metre. In general, tunc is not freq. till after the Aug. period. Cic. has tum about thirty times as often as tunc; Caes. has tunc only five times; Livy, in the first two books, has tunc five times, tum eighty-two times; but Val. Max. has tunc four times as often as tum. Sen. almost always has tunc; tum only in a few passages, mostly in co ordinative use. In Vitr., Suet., Plin., Just., and the jurists, tunc largely predominates; but Nep. has tunc once only, and Tac., who employs both words sparingly, has tum oftener than tunc. The Codd. very freq. vary between the words, and in many passages the reading is still doubtful. Undue weight has been given by some critics to opposition to nunc and connection with cum; cf. Kritz ad Sall. J. 5, 1; Zumpt ad Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 64, § 142; 2, 5, 10, § 27. Both tum and tunc are freq. opposed to nunc, and connected with cum.I.Absol.A.Referring an event to a time before mentioned.1.To definite past time.(α).To a period of time, = illis temporibus (only post-Aug.):(β).tunc melius tenuere fidem cum paupere cultu Stabat in exigua ligneus aede deus,
Tib. 1, 10, 19:nulli tunc subsessores alienorum matrimoniorum oculi metuebantur,
Val. Max. 2, 1, 5:sed tunc clarissimus quisque juvenum pro amplificanda patria plurimum periculi sustinebat,
id. 3, 2, 6:nunc quo ventum est? A servis vix impetrari potest ne eam supellectilem fastidiant qua tunc consul non erubuit,
id. 4, 3, 7:quo pacto inter amicos viguisse tunc justitiam credimus, cum inter accusatores quoque, etc.,
id. 6, 5, 6:si vere aestimare Macedonas qui tunc erant volumus, fatebimur, etc.,
Curt. 4, 16, 33:sed civitati nullae tunc leges erant,
Just. 2, 7, 3; 6, 9, 5.—Referring to a point of time spoken of: cives Romani [p. 1914] tunc facti sunt Campani, Enn. ap. Censor. 14 (Ann. v. 174 Vahl.): tanto sublatae sunt Augmine tunc lapides, id. ap. Non. p. 211, 8 (Ann. v. 542 ib.): tunc ipsos adoriant, ne quis Spartam referat nuntium, Naev. ap. Prisc. 8, p. 801 P. (Trag. Rel. v. 16 Rib.):(γ).(Sulla) statim ex iis rebus quas tunc vendebat jussit ei praemium tribui, etc.,
Cic. Arch. 10, 25:neque ego tunc princeps ad salutem esse potuissem si, etc.,
id. Sull. 3, 9:his tunc cognitis rebus amici regis his... liberaliter responderunt,
Caes. B. C. 3, 104:tunc duces Nerviorum... colloqui sese velle dicunt,
at this time, id. B. G. 5, 41:quod se facturos minabantur, aegreque tunc sunt retenti quin oppidum irrumperent,
id. B. C. 2, 13 fin.:Romanus tunc exercitus in agro Larinati erat,
Liv. 22, 24, 1:itaque cum in ipsum, et innocentia tutum et magistratu in quo tunc erat, impetus fieri non posset, etc.,
id. 4, 44, 6; cf. id. 2, 2, 2; 4, 8, 6; 10, 37, 10;44, 44, 3: nec, si rescindere posses (sc. jussa Jovis), Tunc aderas,
Ov. M. 2, 679:tunc ego nec cithara poteram gaudere sonora, nec, etc.,
Tib. 3, 4, 69:tunc urbis custodiis praepositus C. Maecenas,
Vell. 2, 88, 2:forte evenit ut tunc summae dignitatis ibi femina veneno consumere se destinarit,
Val. Max. 2, 6, 8:qui tunc Libitinam exercebant,
id. 5, 2, 10:Coriolanus ad Volscos, infestos tunc Romanis, confugit,
id. 5, 4, 1; cf. id. 2, 10, 3; 4, 8, 5; 5, 5, 3; 7, 6, 5 fin.;8, 1 damn. 1: Carthaginiensium legati ad celebrandum sacrum anniversarium more patrio tunc venerant,
Curt. 4, 2, 10:et tunc aestas erat, cujus calor, etc.,
id. 3, 5, 1:perierat imperium, quod tunc in extremo stabat, si Fabius, etc.,
Sen. Troad. 1, 11, 5:tunc,distractis Orientis viribus, casus Mithridati datus est occupandi Armeniam,
Tac. A. 11, 9; cf. id. ib. 2, 25:quidam ex eis qui tunc egerant, decesserunt,
Plin. Ep. 4, 24, 3:ardente tunc in Africa bello,
Suet. Caes. 70; cf. id. Calig. 48; id. Ner. 20; 21:Asiam tunc tenebat imperio rex Darius,
Gell. 17, 9, 20:hostes tunc populi Romani fuerant Fidenates,
id. 17, 21, 17; cf. id. 13, 5, 2 and 3; 14, 1, 8; Ael. Spart. Had. 11; 23; 24.—Repeated by anaphora:tunc victus abiere feri, tunc consita pomus, tunc bibit inriguas fertilis hortus aquas, Aurea tunc pressos, etc.,
Tib. 2, 1, 43:tunc Parmenio et Philotas, tunc Amyntas consobrinus, tunc noverca fratresque interfecti, tunc Attalus, Eurylochus... occurrebant,
Just. 12, 6, 14; so id. 43, 3, 2; 43, 4, 2.—Attributively:regem tunc Lacedaemoniorum,
Just. 6, 2, 4.—Referring to a state no longer in existence:(δ).silvae tunc circa viam erant, plerisque incultis,
Liv. 21, 25, 8:urbs (Corinthus) erat tunc praeclara ante excidium,
id. 45, 28, 2:hic (Curio) primo pro Pompei partibus, id est, ut tunc habebatur, pro republica, mox... pro Caesare stetit,
Vell. 2, 48, 3:certissimum tunc proscriptorum perfugium penetravit,
Val. Max. 7, 3, 9:docuit in atrio Catulinae domus, quae pars Palatii tunc erat,
Suet. Gram. 17: tunc (i. e. olim) in usu erat, eam hereditatem, etc., Gai Inst. 2, 254 erat autem tunc mos ut cum princeps causam cognosceret... sententiam ex omnium deliberatione proferret, Ael. Spart. Had. 8.—Expressly opposed to present time: tunc igitur pelles, nunc aurum et purpura exercent hominum vitam, Lucr 5, 1423;(ε).ea lege quae tunc erat Sempronia, nunc est Cornelia,
Cic. Clu. 56, 154:cum vero causam justam deus ipse dederit, ut tunc Socrati, nunc Catoni, etc.,
id. Tusc. 1, 30, 74, cf. id. Verr. 2, 2, 18, § 45; 2, 3, 67, § 156; id. Arch. 3, 5; id. Pis. 13, 30; id. Rab. Post. 12, 34; id. Phil. 7, 5, 14:cur privati non damus remiges, sicut tunc dedimus?
Liv. 34, 6, 18:munitiones et locis opportunioribus tunc fuerunt et validiores impositae (i. e. quam nunc),
id. 36, 17, 4:parva nunc res videri potest quae tunc patres ac plebem accendit,
id. 4, 25, 13; cf. id. 8, 31, 4; 21, 18, 5:Macedones milites ea tunc erant fama qua nunc Romani feruntur,
Nep. Eum. 3, 4: nunc solvo poenas;tunc tibi inferias dedi,
Sen. Phoen. 172:nunc haberent socios quos tunc hostes habuerant,
Just. 6, 7, 5; cf. id. 8, 2, 9:hoc tunc Veii fuere, nunc fuisse quis meminit?
Flor. 1, 12, 11.—And tunc and tum in co-ordinated sentences: qui ager nunc multo pluris est quam tunc fuit. Tum enim, etc., nunc, etc.;tum erat ager incultus, nunc est cultissimus,
Cic. Rosc. Com. 12, 33: vos etiamsi tunc faciendum non fuerit, nunc utique faciendum putatis;ego contra, etiamsi tum migrandum fuisset, nunc has ruipas relinquendas non censerem,
Liv. 5, 53, 3 (in such connections tum generally refers to a previous tunc, rarely vice versa).—Opposed to a previous or a later time:(ζ).quae ipsum Hannibalem, armis tunc invictum voluptate vicit (i. e. etsi non postea),
Cic. Agr. 2, 35, 95:raro alias tribuni popularis oratio acceptior plebi quam tunc severissimi consulis fuit,
Liv. 3, 69, 1:(Syphax) tunc accessio Punici belli fuerat, sicut Gentius Macedonici,
id. 45, 7, 2; 5, 37, 2; 45, 25, 10:non ab Scipionibus aliisque veteribus Romanorum ducum quidquam ausum fortius quam tunc a Caesare,
Vell. 2, 80, 3:et tunc Aeanti, ut deo, immolaverunt, et deinceps, etc.,
Val. Max. 1, 5, ext. 2:praetor hic Alexandri fuerat, tunc transfuga,
Curt. 3, 11, 18; cf. id. 4, 13, 18:Cilicum nationes saepe et alias commotae, tunc Troxoboro duce, montes asperos castris cepere,
Tac. A. 12, 55; cf. id. ib. 2, 62; id. H. 3, 58:ob res et tunc in Africa, et olim in Germania gestas,
Suet. Galb. 8; cf. id. Tib. 10; 18; id. Oth. 4:idem tunc Faesulae quod Carrhae nuper,
Flor. 1, 5, 8.—In general statements, applied to the actual state of affairs:(η).mos est regibus quotiens in societatem coeant, pollices inter se vincire, etc. Sed tunc, qui ea vincula admovebat decidisse simulans, genua Mithridatis invadit,
Tac. A. 12, 47:legebatur ergo ibi tunc in carmine Latino, etc.,
Gell. 2, 22, 2.— Pregn., as matters then stood:aptissimum tempus fuerat, delinimentum animis Bolani agri divisionem obici: tunc haec ipsa indignitas angebat animos,
Liv. 4, 51, 6.—Of coincidence in time: tunc = cum hoc fieret, on that occasion:(θ).quodsi tu tunc, Crasse, dixisses, omnem eorum importunitatem evellisset oratio tua,
Cic. de Or. 1, 53, 230; id. Clu. 56, 153; id. Lig. 5, 16; id. Phil. 7, 5, 14:tunc Lacedaemoniis accusantibus respondendum erat, nunc a vobis ipsis accusati sumus,
Liv. 39, 36, 7:jam Horatius secundam pugnam petebat. Tunc... clamore adjuvant militem suum,
while he was doing so, id. 1, 25, 9; 45, 23, 17:sed neque... nubes Tunc habuit, nec... imbres,
Ov. M. 2, 310:quid mihi tunc animi fuit?
id. ib. 7, 582:quid mihi tunc animi credis, germane, fuisse?
id. H. 11, 87; 12, 31:quid tunc homines timuerint, quae senatus trepidatio... neque mihi exprimere vacat, neque, etc.,
Vell. 2, 124, 1:non Catoni tunc praetura, sed praeturae Cato negatus est,
Val. Max. 7, 5, 6; cf. id. 1, 8, 6; 4, 5, 3; 6, 1, 8; 6, 2, 3; 6, 2, 6; 6, 6, ext. 1;9, 3, 1: tunc ego dicere debui,
Sen. Ep. 63, 15:non possum dicere aliud tunc mihi quam deos adfuisse,
Plin. Ep. 1, 5, 5:tunc domus priscorum ducum arserunt,
Suet. Ner. 38; Just. 18, 3, 14; Gell. 6 (7), 3, 48; 12, 13, 21; 19, 1, 11.—Tunc and tum co-ordinate: sanguine tunc (Phaethontis) credunt... Tum facta'st Libya... arida;tum, etc.,
Ov. M. 2, 235 sqq.: tunc... sorores Debuerant, etc.;Tum potui Medea mori bene,
id. H. 12, 3 sqq.—And referring to a supposed action at a definite time:nobis tunc repente trepidandum in acie instruenda erat,
if we had accepted the battle then, Liv. 44, 38, 11.—Redundant (post-class.):2.id quale fuerit, neque ipse tunc prodidit, neque cuiquam facile succurrat,
Suet. Tit. 10; cf.: in ejusmodi temporibus tunc eae ambulationes aperiuntur, Vitr 5, 9, 9.—= nunc, in oblique discourse (rare):3.quod si consulatus tanta dulcedo sit, jam tunc ita in animum inducant, consulatum captum a tribunicia potestate esse,
Liv. 2, 54, 5:ut cum multis saeculis murus urbi civium virtus fuerit, tunc cives salvos se fore non existimaverint nisi intra muros laterent,
Just. 14, 5, 7.—Referring to indefinite time.(α).Then, at such a time of the year, day, etc.; at such a season:(β).tunc (i. e. autumno) praecidi arbores oportere secundum terram,
Varr. R. R. 1, 27:ab eo in fastis dies hordicalia nominantur, quod tunc hordae boves immolantur,
id. ib. 2, 5:omnes (nubes sol) enim sub se tunc (= medio die),
Sen. Q. N. 1, 8, 7:tunc enim maximae et integrae adhuc nives (= aestate prima),
id. ib. 4, 2, 21:et tunc potest ventis concitari mare,
id. ib. 4, 2, 25; cf. id. ib. 4, 5, 2.—With the force of an indefinite temporal clause:(γ).tunc ignes tenuissimi iter exile designant et caelo producunt, of shooting stars,
Sen. Q. N. 1, 1, 6: nemo observat lunam nisi laborantem. Tunc urbes conclamant, tunc pro se quisque superstitione vana trepidat, id. ib. 7, 1, 2:adjuvari se tunc (i. e. cum faces vident) periclitantes existimant Pollucis et Castoris numine,
id. ib. 1, 1, 13; cf. id. ib. 1, 8, 3; 2, 55, 2; 5, 3, 1; 6, 12, 2; id. Ep. 42, 4; id. Brev. Vit. 11, 1: si ancilla ex cive Romand conceperit, deinde civis Romana facta sit, et tunc pariat, etc., Gai Inst. 1, 88; 1, 90; Dig. 1, 6, 8; 40, 12, 22, § 3.—With the force of a conditional clause, in this instance: Tr. Erus peregre venit. Si. Tunc tibi actutum chorda tenditur, Plaut. Most. 3, 2, 55 Lorenz (al. tum):4.dominae mentem convertite... Tunc ego crediderim vobis, et sidera et amnes Posse, etc.,
Prop. 1, 1, 23:itaque tunc dividere optimum erit (= si plura sunt quae nocent),
Quint. 4, 2, 101; so id. 6, 1, 22:cuperem tecum communicare tam subitam mutationem mei: tunc amicitiae nostrae certiorem fiduciam habere coepissem,
Sen. Ep. 6, 2: nemo est ex inprudentibus qui reliqui sibi debeat. Tunc mala consilia agitant, tunc aut aliis aut ipsis pericula struunt;tunc cupiditates improbas ordinant, tunc... tunc... denique, etc.,
id. ib. 10, 2;7, 2: tunc enim (i. e. si cottidie reputes) subit recordatio: Quot dies quam frigidis rebus absumpsi!
Plin. Ep. 1, 9, 3:propter liberos retentio fit (dotis) si culpa mulieris divortium factum sit, tunc enim sextae retinentur ex dote,
Ulp. Fragm. 6, 10: veluti si a femina manumissa sit: tunc enim e lege Atilia petere debet tutorem, Gai Inst. 1, 195; 1, 76; 1, 40; 3, 181; Fragm. Vat. 52; Dig. 2, 4, 8; 5, 3, 13, § 12; 7, 3, 1; 19, 1, 11, § 15; 11, 1, 20; Just. Inst. 1, 12, § 6; in the jurists, saep.—Referring to future time.(α).In gen.: tunc illud vexillum... coloniae Capuae inferetur;(β).tunc contra hanc Romam illa altera Roma quaeretur,
Cic. Agr. 2, 32, 86:tunc, ut quaeque causa crit statuetis, nunc libertatem repeti satis est,
Liv. 3, 53, 10:senatus consultum adjectum est ut... praetor qui tunc esset... apud eorum quem qui manumitteretur... jusjurandum daret, etc.,
id. 41, 9, 11:nec taedebit avum parvo advigilare nepoti... Tunc operata deo pubes discumbet in herba, etc.,
Tib. 2, 5, 95:tunc interea tempus exercitus ex hoc loco educendi habebis,
Gell. 3, 7, 7.—With the force of a conditional clause:B.tunc me biremis Tutum... Aura feret geminusque Pollux (i. e. si mugiat malus procellis),
Hor. C. 3, 29, 62:vectabor umeris tunc ego inimicis eques (i. e. si hoc feceris),
id. Epod. 17, 74:tunc tua me infortunia laedent (i. e. si dolebis tibi),
id. A. P. 103:tunc ego jurabo quaevis tibi numina... Tunc ego... Efficiam, etc.,
Ov. H. 15 (16), 319:tunc piger ad nandum, tunc ego cautus ero,
id. ib. 17 (18), 210.—Representing sequence or succession in events, = deinde.1.Simple sequence in time.(α).Time proper (rare till after the Aug. per.;(β).in Cic. perh. only in the foll. passages): Herodotus cum Roma reverteretur, offendit eum mensem qui sequitur mensem comitialem. Tunc Cephaloeditani decrerunt intercalarium XLV dies longum,
Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 52, § 130:veni in eum sermonem ut docerem, etc. Tunc mihi ille dixit quod, etc.,
id. Fam. 3, 5, 3:dixi ei, me ita facturum esse ut, etc. Tunc ille a me petivit, etc.,
id. ib. 3, 6, 2 is finis pugnae equestris fuit. Tunc adorti peditum aciem, nuntios ad consules rei gestae mittunt, Liv. 3, 70, 8:tandem curia excesserunt. Tunc sententiae interrogari coeptae,
id. 45, 25, 1:equites, relictis equis, provolant ante signa... Tunc inter priores duorum populorum res geritur,
id. 7, 8, 1:iterum deinde interpellatus, in proposito persistit. Tunc Poppedius, abjecturum inde se... minatus est,
Val. Max. 3, 1, 2; cf. id. 5, 4, 1; 7, 3, 2; 7, 3, 6: tunc intendit arcum, et ipsum cor adulescentis figit, Sen. de Ira, 3, 14, 2; so id. Ot. Sap. 1, 1; id. Q. N. 1, 12, 1:Dareum XXX inde stadia abesse praemissi indicabant. Tunc consistere agmen jubet,
Curt. 3, 8, 24:contionem discedere in manipulos jubet. Tunc a veneratione Augusti orsus flexit ad victorias,
Tac. A. 1, 34; cf. id. ib. 1, 67; 12, 31; 12, 33; 12, 69; id. H. 4, 72; Vitr. 1, 4, 12; 1, 6, 7; 2, 1, 2; 2, 1, 4; 5, 12, 5; 7, praef. 5; 7, 1, 3; 7, 2, 2; 8, 1, 1; Suet. Ner. 49; id. Vit. 15 fin.; id. Dom. 16; Front. Strat. 2, 5, 4; Gell. 1, 22, 6; 6 (7), 17, 6; 13, 31 (30), 6; 14, 2, 9; [p. 1915] Flor. 2, 13 (4, 2), 71; Just. 11, 4, 1; 11, 10, 2; 12, 7, 7; 13, 3, 4; 18, 4, 10 et saep.; Dig. 1, 2, 2, § 26.—Before an abl. absol. (postclass.):(γ).statuunt tempus quo foedissimum quemque invadant. Tunc, signo inter se dato, inrumpunt contubernia,
Tac. A. 1, 48:tunc, Campaniae ora proximisque insulis circuitis, Caprearum secessui quadriduum impendit,
Suet. Aug. 98:tunc, exercitu in Aetoliam promoto, pecunias civitatibus imperat,
Just. 14, 1, 6; 21, 5, 2; 22, 2, 7; 25, 2, 6.—Implying a consequence, then, under these circumstances, hence, accordingly:2.caedere januam saxis, instare ferro, ligna circumdare ignemque circumicere coeperunt. Tunc cives Romani, qui Lampsaci negotiabantur, concurrunt,
Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 27, § 69: huc tota Vari conversa acies suos fugere videbat. Tunc Rebilus; Perterritum, inquit, hostem vides;quid dubitas, etc.,
Caes. B. C. 2, 34:animadversum est, extra consuetudinem longius a vallo esse aciem Pompei progressum. Tunc Caesar apud suos Differendum est iter, inquit, etc.,
id. ib. 3, 85:omnium spe celerius Saguntum oppugnari adlatum est. Tunc relata de integro res ad senatum,
Liv. 21, 6, 5; cf. id. 9, 30, 10:Tisiphoneque Saevit et huc illuc impia turba fugit. Tunc niger in porta serpentum Cerberus ore Stridet,
Tib. 1, 3, 71:apud patres disseruit, nec posse Orientem nisi Germanici sapientia conponi, etc. Tunc decreto patrum permissae Germanico provinciae,
Tac. A. 2, 43; id. H. 4, 83; Vitr. 2, 8, 14; 2, 9, 16; Just. 39, 3, 11.—Emphatically, = tum vero:donec ipse quoque longinquo morbo est implicitus. Tunc adeo fracti simul cum corpore sunt spiritus illi feroces ut, etc.,
Liv. 1, 31, 6.—And = tum primum:multitudo tandem perrumpit ordines hostium. Tunc vinci pertinacia coepta, et averti manipuli quidam,
Liv. 9, 39, 10. —In enumerations with tum... deinde... postea, etc.(α).In gen. (postclass.): ante omnia instituit ut e libertorum bonis dextans... cogeretur; deinde ut ingratorum, etc.;(β).tunc ut lege majestatis facta omnia... tenerentur,
Suet. Ner. 32 med.; so,tunc... deinde... tunc, etc.,
Vitr. 1, 6, 12 and 13:tunc... tunc... deinde... tunc,
id. 3, 5, 5 and 6; cf. id. 5, 12, 4; cf. Suet. Oth. 6; Flor. 4, 2, 88.—With tum: terras primum situmque earum quaerit; deinde condicionem maris;tunc quidquid inter caelum terrasque interjacet perspicit... tum, peragratis humilioribus, ad summa prorumpit,
Sen. Cons. Helv. 17 fin.; so Gai Inst. 3, 6, 3.—Of successive speakers in dialogue (rare):C.tu vero abi, inquit, etc. Tunc Mucius Quandoquidem, inquit, est apud te virtuti honos, etc.,
Liv. 2, 12, 15:apud quem Valerius in hunc modum egit, etc. Tunc Collatinus Quaero inquit, etc.,
Val. Max. 2, 8, 2.—With tum:tunc poeta... inquit, etc. Tum Fronto ita respondit, etc.,
Gell. 19, 8, 10 and 11; 12, 13, 19; Val. Max. 7, 3, ext. 4.—In co-ordination (very rare).1.= praeterea, and then:2.(Romulus) hoc consilio fultus... locupletari civis non destitit. Tunc, id quod retinemus hodie magna cum salute rei publicae, auspiciis plurimum obsecutus est Romulus,
Cic. Rep. 2, 9, 15 sq.:praeter has, frugalitas et continentia... splendorem illi suum adfunderent. Tunc providentia cum elegantia quantum decoris illi adderent!
Sen. Ep. 115, 3.—In the connection cum... tunc (v. tum, I. C. 3.):3.vivendum recte est cum propter plurima, tunc est Idcirco, etc.,
Juv. 9, 118 ( poet. for tum, on account of the foll. vowel).—Vid. tunc etiam, III. B. 7. b.II.As correlative of dependent clauses.A.Of temporal clauses with cum.1.Referring to definite past time.a.Tunc as antecedent of the clause:b.set Stalagmus quojus erat tunc nationis quom hinc abit?
Plaut. Capt. 4, 2, 108:etiamne in ara tunc sedebant mulieres Quom ad me profectu's ire?
id. Rud. 3, 6, 8:quo damnato tunc, cum judicia fiebant, HS. IV milibus lis aestimata est,
Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 10, § 22:etenim tunc esset hoc animadvertendum cum classis Syracusis proficiscebatur,
id. ib. 2, 5, 43, §111: atque ille eo tempore paruit cum parere senatui necesse erat: vos tunc paruistis cum paruit nemo nisi qui voluit,
id. Lig. 7, 20: se ita pugnaturos ut Romae pugnaverint in repetenda patria, ut postero die ad Gabios, tunc cum effecerint ne quis hostium, etc., Liv. 6, 28, 9:et quod tunc fecimus cum hostem Hannibalem in Italia haberemus, id nunc, pulso Hannibale, cunctamur facere?
id. 31, 7, 5:infelix Dido, nunc te facta impia tangunt? Tunc decuit cum sceptra dabas,
Verg. A. 4, 597 (Rib. tum; v. Prisc. p. 8, 841 P.):prudenter sensit tunc incrementum Romano imperio petendum fuisse cum intra septimum lapidem triumphi quaerebantur,
Val. Max. 4, 1, 10:quorum nihil tunc cum diceretur parum aptum fuit,
Quint. 11, 1, 89; cf. Val. Max. 8, 8, ext. 1; 9, 8, ext. 1.—Introducing the apodosis.(α).Of coincident actions:(β).cum jam adpropinquantium forma lemborum haud dubie esset... tunc injecta trepidatio,
Liv. 44, 28, 10.—= deinde:2.adversus singula quaeque cum respondere haud facile esset, et quereretur... purgaretque se invicem, tunc Papirius, redintegrata ira, virgas et secures expediri jussit,
Liv. 8, 32, 10:divus Caesar cum exercitum habuisset circa Alpes, imperavissetque, etc., tunc qui in eo castello fuerunt... noluerunt imperio parere,
Vitr. 2, 9, 15:cum nuntiatum esset Leonidae a XX milibus hostium summum cacumen teneri, tunc hortatur socios, recedant,
Just. 2, 11, 5.—Of definite present time, tunc is not found; v. tum.—3.Referring to indefinite time.a.As antecedent:b.arbitror, quo nos etiam tunc utimur cum ea dicimus jurati quae comperta habemus,
Cic. Font. 13, 29 (9, 19):tunc obsequatur naturae cum senserit, etc.,
id. Fragm. Hort. Phil. 75 B. and K.; id. Tusc. 2, 6, 16; id. Verr. 1, 18, 55; 2, 5, 12, § 29: qui tunc vocat me, cum malum librum legi, only... when, never... unless (= tote dê), Cat. 44, 21 Ellis (Mull. tum):deum tunc adfuisse cum id evenisset, veteres oratores aiebant,
Quint. 10, 7, 14:tunc est commovendum theatrum cum ventum est ad illud Plodite,
id. 6, 1, 52; cf. id. 4, 2, 8; 12, 11, 7; Vitr. 2, 9, 3:voluptas tunc, cum maxime delectat, exstinguitur,
Sen. Vit. Beat. 7, 4; cf. id. Q. N. 1, prol. 3; 5, 3, 3; 6, 3, 1; id. Ep. 10, 5; 85, 38:in tantam quantitatem tenetur quae tunc in peculio fuit cum sententiam dicebat,
Dig. 5, 1, 15: tunc cum certum esse coeperit neminem ex eo testamento fore heredem, Gai Inst. 3, 13; 4, 71; Dig. 28, 3, 6, § 6; 40, 12, 16, § 2; 40, 7, 34.—Introducing the apodosis:4.cum autem fundamenta ita distantia inter se fuerint constituta, tunc inter ea alia transversa... collocentur,
Vitr. 1, 5, 7; 2, 1, 6; 2, 3, 2; 2, 5, 2;3, 5, 13: cum folia pauca in acumine germinent, tunc maxime serendas ficus,
Plin. 18, 26, 65, § 245; Just. 41, 2, 9.—Referring to future time:B.ex ceteris autem generibus tunc pecunia expedietur cum legionibus victricibus erunt quae spopondimus persolvenda, Cic. Fragm. Ep. Caes. jun. 1, 8: tunc inter eas fore finem belli dixit cum alterutra urbs in habitum pulveris esset redacta,
Val. Max. 9, 3, ext. 3:poterant videri tunc incohanda cum omnia quae... peregissem,
Quint. 6, 4, 1; Col. praef. 33; v. infra, III. A. 2. b.—With temporal clauses introduced by ubi (rare).1.Of definite past time:2.ad quod bellum ubi consules dilectum habere occipiunt, obstare tunc enixe tribuni,
Liv. 4, 55, 2:haec ubi convenerunt, tunc vero Philomelus consuetudinem nocte egrediendi frequentiorem facere,
id. 25, 8, 9.—Of indefinite time.a.As antecedent:b.tunc autem est consummata infelicitas, ubi turpia non solum delectant, sed etiam placent,
Sen. Ep. 39, 6; id. Ben. 2, 3, 3; 2, 17, 3; id. Ep. 89, 19.—In apodosis:C.stillicidia ubi plura coiere et turba vires dedit, tunc fluere et ire dicuntur,
Sen. Q. N. 5, 13, 4; 6, 17, 2; 6, 18, 2.—With temporal clauses introduced by postquam (posteaquam); rare.1.Of definite past time:2.posteaquam ingenuae virgines et ephebi venerunt ad deprecandum, tunc est pollicitus his legibus ut, etc.,
Vitr. 10, 16, 7 (but in Sall. C. 51, 40 Dietsch reads tum).—Of indefinite time: si vero posteaquam eam destinasses, tunc perierit, etc., Dig 17, 2, 58, § 1.—D.With temporal clauses introduced by ut (very rare):E.ut vero... casus suorum miseris eluxit, tunc toto littore plangentium gemitus, tunc infelicium matrum ululatus... audiebantur,
Just. 19, 2, 11.—With temporal clauses introduced by quando (rare).1.As antecedent:2.tunc quando abiero,
Plaut. Pers. 4, 7, 19 (4, 8, 8): tunc inserentur (cerasi) quando his vel non est, vel desinit gummi effluere, Pall. Oct. 12.—In apodosis:F.quando quodque eorum siderum cursum decorum est adeptum... tunc ex alterius naturae motione transversa... vinci a tardioribus videbantur,
Cic. Univ. 9.—With temporal clauses introduced by dum (very rare):G.tunc tamen utrumque tolerabile est, dum illi vis sua est,
Sen. Ep. 83, 21.—With conditional clauses.1.In gen.(α).As antecedent:(β).consilium istud tunc esset prudens si rationes ad Hispaniensem casum accommodaturi essemus,
Cic. Att. 10, 8, 2:sin autem ventus interpellaverit et... tunc habeat canalem longum pedes quinque, etc.,
Vitr. 8, 5, 2:tunc fidem fallam, tunc inconstantiae crimen audiam si, cum omnia eadem sint quae erant promittente me, non praestitero promissum,
Sen. Ben. 4, 35, 2.—In apodosis:2.si se simul cum gloria rei gestae exstinxisset, tunc victorem, quidquid licuerit in magistro equitum, in militibus ausurum,
Liv. 8, 31, 7:quem si inclusit mare, tum ille exitu simul redituque praecluso, volutatur,
Sen. Q. N. 6, 15:quod si non illum, sed me peccasse putabis, tunc ego te credam cordis habere nihil,
Mart. 2, 8, 6: si nullus sit suorum heredum, tunc hereditas pertinet ad adgnatos, Gai Inst. 3, 9:si vero dissentiunt, tunc praetoris partes necessariae sunt,
Dig. 2, 14, 7, § 19; Sen. Q. N. 6, 9, 2; Gai Inst. 3, 205; Dig. 1, 3, 22.—With a supposition contrary to fact:H.audivi te cum alios consolareris: tunc conspexissem, si te ipse consolatus esses,
Sen. Prov. 4, 5.—After abl. absol. (rare):III.legatis auditis, tunc de bello referre sese Aemilius dixit,
Liv. 44, 21, 1:his ita praeparatis, tunc in rotae modiolo tympanum includatur,
Vitr. 10, 9 (14), 2.Particular connections.A.With other particles of time.1.Jam tunc (rare):2. a.nisi jam tunc omnia negotia diligentissime confecissem,
Cic. Fam. 3, 12, 3: bellum jam tunc ab illis geri coeptum cum sibi Phrygiam ademerint, Trog. Pomp. ap. Just. 38, 53:At. C. Marius L. Sullam jam tunc, ut praecaventibus fatis, copulatum sibi quaestorem habuit,
Vell. 2, 12, 1:Archilochum Nepos Cornelius tradit, Tullo Hostilio Romae regnante, jam tunc fuisse poematis clarum et nobilem,
Gell. 17, 21, 8:palam jam tunc multae civitates libertatem bello vindicandam fremebant,
Just. 13, 5, 5. —Tunc demum.(α).Absol.:(β).tunc demum nuntius missus ad tertiam legionem revocandam,
Liv. 41, 3, 5:tunc demum pectora plangi Contigit,
Ov. H. 11, 91:tunc demum intrat tabernaculum,
Curt. 4, 13, 20:tunc demum alia mala (exstiterunt),
Sen. Q. N. 1, 17, 6:(aquilae) primo deponunt, expertaeque pondus, tunc demum abeunt,
Plin. 10, 3, 4, § 14:tunc demum... invidiam quae sibi fieret deprecati sunt,
Suet. Calig. 9:tunc demum ad otium concessit,
id. Claud. 5.—With cum clause:b.postero die cum circumsessi aqua arceremur, nec ulla... erumpendi spes esset, tunc demum pacti sumus, etc.,
Liv. 21, 59, 6:et serius cum redisset, tum demum, recepto sospite filio, victoriae tantae gaudium consul sensit,
id. 44, 44, 3:cum ab his oritur, tunc demum ei ratio constat,
Val. Max. 4, 8 prooem.: quos ordine suo tunc demum persequar cum praefaturus fuero, Col. praef. 33; Sen. Ep. 84, 6; id. Q. N. 7, 13, 1.—Tunc denique (very rare): hi dicebantur in eo tempore mathêmatikoi. Exinde ad perspicienda principia naturae procedebant ac tunc denique nominabantur phusikoi, Gell. 1, 9, 7.—3.Tunc primum:4.quia tunc primum superbiae nobilitatis obviam itum est,
Sall. J. 5, 2:tunc primum circo qui nunc maximus dicitur, designatus locus est,
Liv. 1, 35, 8:eum dolorem ulta est (plebs) tunc primum plebeis quaestoribus creatis,
id. 4, 54, 2:tunc primum equo merere equites coeperunt,
id. 5, 7, 13:lectisternio tunc primum in urbe Romana facto,
id. 5, 13, 6; Tac. A. 11, 38; Suet. Ner. 17; Just. 8, 5, 1; 11, 10, 2; Jul. Capitol. Anton. Phil. 5; 7.—With deinde (cf.: tum deinde).(α).Deinde tunc:(β).roga bonam mentem, bonam valetudinem animi, deinde tunc corporis,
Sen. Ep. 10, 4; 74, 23; 117, 1.—Tunc deinde: primum militiae vinculum est religio et signorum amor, et deserendi nefas; tunc deinde facile cetera [p. 1916] exiguntur, Sen. Ep. 95, 35; 11, 4; Val. Fl. 8, 109; Cels. 4, 15.—So, tunc postea, Vitr. 1, 6, 7.—5.Tunc tandem:B.simul enim cessit possessione Dii, excitavit hostem, ut tunc tandem sciret recuperanda esse quae prius amissa forent,
Liv. 44, 8, 4.—With emphatic particles.1.Tunc vero (or enimvero):2.in turbatos jam hostes equos inmittunt. Tunc vero Celtiberi omnes in fugam effunduntur,
Liv. 40, 40, 10:cunctantem tamen ingens vis morbi adorta est. Tunc enim vero deorum ira admonuit,
id. 2, 36, 6:tunc vero impotentis fortunae species conspici potuit,
Curt. 3, 11, 23: Tiberioque suspensa semper verba;tunc vero nitenti, etc.,
Tac. A. 1, 11.—Tunc quidem: et tunc quidem Perseus copias reduxit;3.postero die, etc.,
Liv. 42, 57, 9:tunc quidem sacrificio rite perpetrato, reliquum noctis rediit, etc.,
Curt. 4, 13, 16; cf. id. 3, 12, 21.—Ne tunc quidem:4.quia ne tunc quidem obsistebatur,
Front. Strat. 3, 17, 9:ac ne tum quidem senatu aut populo appellato,
Suet. Ner. 41; cf. Just. 27, 3, 6.—Tunc maxime (or tunc cum maxime).(α).Chiefly at that time, especially then:(β).Theophrastus est auctor, in Ponto quosdam amnes crescere tempore aestivo... aut quia tunc maxime in umorem mutabilis terra est, aut quia, etc.,
Sen. Q. N. 3, 26, 2.—Just then:5.hospitem tunc cum maxime utilia suadentem abstrahi jussit ad capitale supplicium,
Curt. 3, 2, 17:non incidunt causae quae iram lacessant? sed tunc maxime illi oppugnandae manus sunt, Sen. de Ira, 2, 14, 2: sapiens tunc maxime paupertatem meditatur cum in mediis divitiis constitit,
id. Vit. Beat. 26, 1.—Tunc interea, Gell. 3, 7, 7; v. supra, I. A. 4. a.—6.Etiam tunc.(α).Even then:(β).experiri etiam tunc volens an ullae sibi reliquae vires essent, etc.,
Gell. 15, 16, 3.—Still:7.quam defunctam praetextatus etiam tunc pro rostris laudavit,
Suet. Calig. 10.— And with cum, Plaut. Rud. 3, 6, 8; v. supra, II. A. 1. a.—Tunc etiam.(α).Etiam as connective, tum = eo tempore:(β).in civitate plena religionum, tunc etiam ob recentem cladem superstitiosis principibus, ut renovarentur auspicia, res ad interregnum redit,
Liv. 6, 5, 6.—Poet. for tum etiam, on account of the vowel:8.ultima prona via est, et eget moderamine certo, Tunc etiam... Tethys solet ipsa vereri,
Ov. M. 2, 68.—Tunc quoque.(α).Also then:(β).irae adversus Vejentes in insequentem annum dilatae sunt. Tunc quoque ne confestim bellum indiceretur religio obstitit,
Liv. 4, 30, 13; 44, 37, 12: saepe legit flores;et tunc quoque forte legebat,
Ov. M. 4, 315:quare et sereno tonat? quia tunc quoque per quassum et scissum aera spiritus prosilit,
Sen. Q. N. 2, 18:cum quidam histriones producti olim, tunc quoque producerentur,
Suet. Claud. 21:tunc quoque in Hyrcaniam remittitur,
Just. 38, 9, 9.—Even then:(γ).tunc quoque cum antiqui illi viri inclite viverent, cura comere capillum fuit,
Sen. Q. N. 1, 17, 7:faba vero non antequam trium foliorum. Tunc quoque levi sarculo purgare melius quam fodere,
Plin. 18, 26, 65, § 241; Suet. Ner. 26; Flor. 1, 7, 12.—With tum demum:tametsi ad audiendum pigre coitur. Plerique in stationibus sedent... ac sibi nuntiari jubent an jam recitator intraverit... an ex magna parte evolverit librum: tum demum ac tunc quoque lente cunctanterque veniunt,
Plin. Ep. 1, 13, 2.—= sic quoque, even as it was:C.quin nisi firmata extrema agminis fuissent, ingens in eo saltu accipienda clades fuerit. Tunc quoque ad extremum periculi ventum est,
Liv. 21, 34, 8.—Tunc temporis (postclass.;v. tum, III. E.): ex gente obscura tunc temporis Persarum,
Just. 1, 4, 4:parvae tunc temporis vires Atheniensibus erant,
id. 3, 6, 6:ad abolendam invidiae famam qua insignis praeter ceteros tunc temporis habebatur,
id. 8, 3, 7:erat namque tunc temporis urbs Appulis Brundisium,
id. 12, 2, 7. -
17 множество первой (второй) категории (по Кантору)
Mathematics: set of the first (second) speciesУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > множество первой (второй) категории (по Кантору)
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18 अश्वः _aśvḥ
अश्वः [अश्नुते अध्वानं व्याप्नोति, महाशनो वा भवति Nir.; अश्-क्वन् Uṇ.1.149]1 A horse; the horses are said to have 7 breeds:- अमृताद् बाष्पतो वह्नेर्वेदेभ्यो$ण़्डाच्च गर्भतः । साम्नो हयानामुत्पत्तिः सप्तधा परिकीर्तिता ॥-2 A symbolical expression for the number 'seven' (that being the number of the horses of the Sun) सूर्याश्वैर्मसजस्तताः सगुरवः शार्दूलविक्रीडितम् V. Ratn.-3 A race of men (horselike in strength); काष्ठतुल्यवपुर्धृष्यो मिथ्याचारश्च निर्भयः । द्वादशाङ्गुलमेढ्रश्च दरिद्रस्तु हयो मतः ॥-श्वौ (du.) A horse and a mare.-श्वाः horses and mares. [cf. L. equus; Gr. hippos; Zend aspa; Pers. asp.]-Comp. -अक्षः N. of a plant देवसर्षप.-अजनी a whip अश्वाजनि प्रचेतसो$श्वान् त्समत्सु चोदय Rv.6.75.13.-अधिक a. strong in cavalry, superior in horses.-अध्यक्षः a guardian of horses, commander of horse-cavalry.-अनीकम् a troop of horse- men, cavalry.-अरिः a buffalo.-अवरोहकः N. of a tree अश्वगन्धा.-आयुर्वेदः veterinary science concerning hores.-आरूढ a. mounted, sitting on horse-back.-आरोह a. riding or mounted on horse. (-हः)1 a horseman, rider.-2 one who is fighting.-3 a ride.(-हा), -आरोहकः N. of the plant अश्वगन्धा.-आरोहणीयम् Horsemen, cavalry. इदानीमश्वारोहणीयं क्व गतम् Pratijñā. 1.-आरोहिन् a. mounted or riding on horseback.-इषित a. hurried along by horses.- उरस a. broad-chested like a horse. (-सम्) the chief or principal horse.-कन्दा, -कन्दिका N. of a plant अश्वगन्धा.-कर्णः, -कर्णकः 1 a kind of tree (Vatica Robusta; Mar. साग, राळ) Rām.1.24.15; Māl.9.-2 the ear of a horse.-3 a term in surgery for a particular fracture of the bones. (-र्णः) N. of a mountain.-कुटी a stable for horses; Pt.5.-कुशल, -कोविद a. skilled in managing horses.-क्रन्दः 1 N. of a bird.-2 a general of the army of the gods.-खरजः [अश्वश्च खरी च अश्वा च खरश्च वा ताभ्यां जायते पुंवद्भावः Tv.] a kind of horse, mule.-खुरः 1 a horse's hoof.-2 a kind of perfume. (-रा) N. of the plant अपराजिता.-गति f.1 the pace of a horse.-2 N. of a metre containing four lines of sixteen syllables in each.-गन्धा [अश्वस्य गन्ध एकदेशो मेढ्रमिव मूलमस्याः] N. of a plant Physalis Flexuosa Lin; ˚तैलम् a kind of oil.-गुप्तः N. of a Buddhist teacher.-गोयुगः, -गम् a pair of horses.-गोष्ठम् a stable.-ग्रीवः 1 N. of a demon who was a foe of Viṣṇu.-घासः a pasture for horses.-घासकायस्थः An officer in charge of the fodder for the horses Rāj. T.3.489.-घोषः N. of a Buddhist writer.-घ्नः [अश्वं हन्ति अमनुष्यकर्तृकत्वात्]1 a horse-bane.-2 N. of a kind of Oleander, Nerium Odorum Ait. (Mar. पांढरी कण्हेर)-चक्रम् 1 a collection of horses.-2 a kind of wheel.-चर्या Taking care of a horse; तस्या- श्वचर्यां काकुस्थ दृढधन्वा महारथः (अंशुमानकरोत्) Rām.1.396-7.-चलनशाला a riding house.-चिकित्सकः, -वैद्यः a far- rier, a veterinary surgeon.-चिकिसा farriery, veteri- nary science.-चेष्टितम् 1 the motion of horses.-2 an omen, auspicious or inauspicious.-जघनः a kind of centaur; a creature having his lower limbs like those of a horse.-जित् a. gaining horses by conquest. Rv.2.21.1; पवस्व गोजिदश्वजित् Rv.9.59.1.-जीवनः gram.-तीर्थम् N. of a place of pilgrimage near Kānyakubja on the Gaṅgā; अदूरे कान्यकुब्जस्य गङ्गायास्तीर- मुत्तमम् । अश्वतीर्थं तदद्यापि मानैवः परिचक्ष्यते ॥ Mb.13.4.17-द a. giving horses; Ms.4.231.-दंष्ट्रा the plant Tribulus Lanuginosus (गोक्षुर, Mar. गोखरू).-दाः, -दावन् m. giving horses. अरिष्टो येषां रथो व्यश्वदावन्नीयते Rv.5.18. 3.-दूतः a riding messenger.-नदी N. of a river.-नाथः one who has the charge of a drove of grazing horses; a horse herd.-निबन्धिकः a groom, a horse- fastener.-निर्णिज् a. Ved. decorated or embellished with horses, गोअर्णसि त्वाष्ट्रे अश्वनिर्णिजि Rv.1.76.3.-पः Ved. a groom; Vāj.3.11.-पतिः 1 lord of horses Rv.8.21.3.-2 N. of several persons; of a king of Madra and father of Sāvitri.-पर्ण a. [अश्वानां पर्णं गमनं यत्र]1 having horses (as a chariot); Rv.1.88.1.-2 a cloud (that penetrates everywhere).-पालः, -पालकः, -रक्षः a horse-groom.-पुच्छी N. of the tree माषपर्णी Glycine Debilis. (Mar. रान उडीद).-पृष्ठम् horse back.-पेशस् a. decorated or embellished with horses; ये स्तोतृभ्यो गोअग्रामश्वपेशसम् Rv.2.1.16.-बन्धः a groom.-बन्धन a. used for fastening horses. (-नम्) fastening of horses.-बला N. of a vegetable (Mar. मेथी).-बालः 1 a kind of reed, Saccharum Spontaneum Lin. (Mar. बोरू).-2 the tail or hair of a horse.-बुध्न a. Ved. based on horses, standing on horses, i. e. on a carriage drawn by horses; अस्य पत्मन्नरुषीरश्ववुध्ना Rv.1.8.3.-बुध्य a. Ved. based on horses, having its origin in horses (wealth); distinguished by horses Rv.1.121. 14.-भा lightning.-मन्दुरा A stable of horses.-महिषिका [अश्वमहिषयोर्वैरं वुन्] the natural enmity be- tween a horse and a buffalo.-मारः, -मारकः, -हन्तृ m. 'horse-destroying', a kind of Oleander, Nerium Odorum Ait. (Mar. पांढरी कण्हेर).-मालः a kind of serpent.-मुख a. [अश्वस्य मुखमिव मुखमस्य] having the head or face of a horse. (-खः) a horse-faced creature, a Kinnara or celestial chorister; (according to others) a kind of demigod distinct from the preceding. (-खी) a Kinnara woman; भिन्दन्ति मन्दां गतिमश्वमुख्यः Ku.1.11.-मुक् m. a horse-stealer.-मेधः [अश्वः प्रधानतया मेध्यते हिंस्यते$त्र, मेध् हिंसने घञ्] a horse-sacrifice; यथाश्वमेधः क्रतुराट् सर्वपापापनोदनः Ms.11.26. [In Vedic times this sacrifice was performed by kings desirous of offspring; but subsequently it was performed only by kings and implied that he who instituted it, was a conqueror and king of kings. A horse was turned loose to wander at will for a year, attended by a guardian; when the horse entered a foreign country, the ruler was bound either to submit or to fight. In this way the horse returned at the end of a year, the guardian obtaining or enforcing the submission of princes whom he brought in his train. After the successful return of the horse, the rite called Asva- medha was performed amidst great rejoicings. It was believed that the performance of 1 such sacrifices would lead to the attainment of the seat or world of Indra, who is, therefore, always repre- sented as trying to prevent the completion of the hundredth sacrifice. cf. Rv.1.162-163 hymns; Vāj.22 seq.]˚काण्डम् N. of the thirteenth book of the Śatapatha Brāhmaṇa.-मेधिक, -मेधीय a. fit for a horse-sacrifice, or relating to it. (-कः, -यः) a horse fit for the Aśvamedha sacrifice. (-कम्) the fourteenth parvan in the Mahābhārata; ततो$श्वमेधिकं पर्व प्रोक्तं तच्च चतुर्दशम् Mb.-युज् a.1 yoking the horses; वयोवृधो अश्वयुजः परिज्रयः Rv.5.54.2.-2 having horses yoked to it (as a carriage); रथेनाश्वयुजा Rām.-3 born under the constellation अश्वयुज्. (f.)1 N. of a constellation, the head of Aries.-2 the first lunar mansion.-3 the month of Āśvina.-4 a chariot having horses.-यूपः the post to which the sacrificial horse was bound; ये अश्वयूपाय तक्षति Rv.1.162.6.-योग a.1 causing the yoking of horses.-2 joining or reaching as quickly as horses; उत न ईं मतयो$श्वयोगाः Rv.1.186.7.-रक्षः the keeper or rider of a horse, a groom.-रथः a carriage drawn by horses. (-था) N. of a river near गन्धमादन.-रत्नम्, -राजः the best or lord of horses; i. e. उच्चैःश्रवस्.-राधस् a. Ved. furnishing horses; शुम्भन्त्यश्वराधसः Rv.1.21.2.-रिपुः A buffalo; Bhāvaprakāśa.-रोधकः N. of a plant (अंश्वमार); see अश्वघ्न.-लक्षणम् a sign or mark of a horse.-ललितम् N. of a species of the Vikṛiti metre.-लाला a kind of snake.-लोमन् n. horse-hair; a kind of snake.-वक्त्रः = अश्वमुख q. v.; a Kinnara or Gandharva.-वडवम् a stud of horses and mares; P.II.4.12,27. mares.-वदनः = ˚मुख.-वहः a horseman.-वाजिन् a. Having the strength of a horse; स मातरिश्वा विभुरश्ववाजी Mb.13.158.2.-वारः, -वालः, -वारकः [अश्वं वारयति उप. स.] a horseman, groom; दुःखेन निश्चक्रमुरश्ववाराः Śi.3.66.-वारणम् N. of the Bos Gavaeus (गवय).-वाहः, -वाहकः [अश्वं वाहयति चालयति] a horseman.-विक्रयिन् a. a horse-dealer.-विद् a.1 skilled in taming or managing horses.-2 [अश्वं विन्दते विद्-क्विप्] procuring horses; उत नो गोविद- श्ववित् Rv.9.55.3. (m.)1 a jockey.-2 an epithet of Nala.-वृषः a stallion; वडवेतराभवदश्ववृष इतरः Bṛi. Up.1.4.4.-वैद्यः a farrier.-व्रतम् N. of sāman.-शकृत् n.,-शकम् Ved.1 excrements of a horse, horse-dung.-2 N. of a river.-शङ्कुः a pillar to tie a horse.-शाला a stable;-शावः a colt, a foal.-शास्त्रम् 1 manual or text-book of veterinary science;-2 N. of the work of Nakula.-शिरस् a. having the head of a horse, an epithet of Nārāyaṇa. (n.)1 a horse's head.-2 N. of a Dānava.-शृगालिका [अश्वशृगालयोर्वैरं द्वन्द्वाद् वैरे वुन्] the natural enmity between a horse and a jackal.-षङ्गवम् a set or team of six horses.-सधर्मन् a. Resembling horses in work; अश्वसधर्माणो हि मनुष्याः नियुक्ताः कर्मसु विकुर्वते । Kau. A.2.9.-सनि, -षा, -सा a. Ved. (P.VIII.3.11 and Mbh.) gaining or procuring horses, giving horses; यस्ते$अश्वसनिर्भक्षो Vāj.8. 12.-सादः, -सादिन् m. a horseman, a rider, a horse- soldier; पूर्वं प्रहर्ता न जघान भूयः प्रतिप्रहाराक्षममश्वसादी R.7. 47; Vāj.3-13.-सारथ्यम् coachmanship, charioteer- ship, management of horses and chariots; सूतानाम- श्वसारथ्यम् Ms.1.47.-सूक्तिन् N. of the author of the hymns Rv.8.14.15.-सूत्रम् A text book of the management of horses.-सूनृत a. Ved.1 praised sincerely for (the gift of) horses; cf. Rv.5.79,1-1.-2 whose praise for (giving) horses is agreeable and true.-सेनः 1 N. of a king.-2 N. of a Nāga.-3 N. of the father of the twentythird Arhat of the present Avasarpiṇī.-स्तोमीय a. relating to the praise of the sacrificial horse. N. of the Ṛigvedic hymn 1. 162.-स्थान a. born in a stable. (-नम्) a stable or stall for horses; Y.1.279.-हन्तृ a. killing a horse, (-ता) N. of a fragrant plant.-हय a. [अश्वेन हिनोति गच्छति हि कर्तरि अच्]1 driving or spurring a horse, riding a horse; प्रत्यर्धिर्यज्ञानामश्वहयो रथानाम् Rv.1.26. 5.-2 to be traversed by a horse; समस्य हरिं हरयो मृजन्त्यश्वहयैरनिशितं नमोभिः Rv.9.96.2.-हारकः a horse- stealer; पङ्गुतामश्वहारकः Ms.11.51.-हृदयम् [अश्वस्य हृदय- मनोगतभावादि]1 the desire or intention of a horse.-2 a kind of veterinary science.-3 horsemanship; अश्वहृदये निवेश्यात्मानम् K.8.-या N. of the Apsaras रम्भा. -
19 claim
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- claim in subparagraph form
- no claim is allowed
- claim reads on the infringing device
- claim reciting a figure
- claim stand rejected
- claim supposed by the description
- claim to compensation
- claim an invention
- claim a right
- claim damages
- claim to priority
- claim priority
- claim recognition of the patent rights
- claim of infringement
- claim of ownership
- claim of priority
- additional claim
- aggregative claim
- allowed claim
- alternative claim
- ambiguous claim
- amended claim
- apparatus claim
- appealed claim
- appended claim
- applicant's claim
- application claim
- article claim
- basic claim
- bridge claim
- bridging claim
- broad claim
- clear and concise claim
- closed-form claim
- colliding claims
- conflicting claims
- composition claim
- defective claim
- dependent claim
- depending claim
- disputed claim
- dormant claim
- draft claim
- European claim
- excess claims
- extra claim
- false claim
- faulty claim
- first claim
- functional claim
- general claim
- generic claim
- Hartig claim
- head claim
- hybrid claim
- improper claim
- independent claim
- infringed claim
- interfering claim
- invalid claim
- Jepson claim
- justifiable claim
- legal claim
- legitimate claim
- linking claim
- machine claim
- main claim
- Markush claim
- means-plus-function claim
- method claim
- narrow claim
- nonstatutory claim
- omnibus claim
- overbroad claim
- patent claim
- plaintiff's claim
- plant patent claim
- preceding claim
- preliminary claim
- primary claim
- process claim
- product claim
- product-by-process claim
- prolix claim
- reissue claim
- rejected claim
- secondary claim
- settled claim
- species claim
- specific claim
- speculative claim
- statutory claim
- structure claim
- subordinate claim
- subprocess claim
- subsidiary claim
- supplementary claim
- tabular claim
- tentative claim
- unauthorized claim
- unfounded claim of infringement
- unpatentable claim
- unpatented claim
- unsearchable claim
- valid claim* * *притязание (на изобретение); формула изобретения (часть описания изобретения, в которой точно определены существо изобретения и объем притязаний); пункт формулы изобретения (однозвенная формула изобретения или пункт многозвенной формулы, способный обеспечить самостоятельную охрану) -
20 class
1. n редк. имущие классы2. a классовый3. n класс; разряд; труппа; категория; вид, родDragon class yacht — килевая яхта-монотип класса «Дракон»
4. n мор. тип5. n сорт, качествоfirst class — первоклассный, высшего сорта
6. n класс; группа7. n кружок8. n занятие; занятия; курс обученияto take classes — учиться ; проходить курс обучения
9. n выпуск студентов или учащихся10. n отличие11. n разг. достоинство; высокие качестваto be no class — ничего не стоить, никуда не годиться
12. n сл. «класс», шик; привлекательностьoutput class — класс выходных данных; выходной класс
social class — общественный класс, класс общества
13. n воен. ранг14. n амер. мор. статья15. n воен. призывники одного года рождения16. a классификационный17. a учебный; относящийся к классу, к занятиям18. v классифицировать, сортировать19. v причислять20. v зачислять в одну категорию, ставить нарядуto class justice with wisdom — ценить справедливость не меньше, чем мудрость
21. v присуждать диплом той или иной категорииSmith got a degree but was not classed — Смит получил диплом, но без отличия
Синонимический ряд:1. caste (noun) caste; position; station; status2. course (noun) course; section; seminar; session3. elegance (noun) elegance; flair; panache; refinement4. group (noun) category; classification; denomination; department; division; group; grouping; league; pigeonhole; set5. order (noun) bracket; caliber; calibre; grade; order; quality; rank; tier6. type (noun) breed; cast; character; cut; description; feather; genre; ilk; kidney; kind; lot; mold; nature; persuasion; sort; species; stamp; stripe; style; type; variety; way7. group (verb) assort; catalog; categorise; categorize; classify; evaluate; grade; group; mark; pigeonhole; pigeon-hole; place; rank; rate; separate; sort; sort out
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